Investigation of controllable multi electrode based FES (functional electrical stimulation) system for restoration of grasp-preliminary study on healthy individuals

Functional electrical stimulation applied via surface electrode can be used for hand rehabilitation particularly for enabling grasp in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury. The use of multi-pad electrode and multi-channel electrical stimulator based improve the effectiveness of conventional FES. Such a system consists of a multi-pad surface electrode and a matching multi-channel stimulator. This system will allow the targeting of motor neurons which activate muscle groups to produce corresponding functional movements of the hand. This paper presents our study on normal subjects to quantify the movement resulting from stimulation of electrodes spatially distributed around the forearm. The device was tested on four healthy subjects and the results show that multi-pad electrode provide desired amount of selectivity and can be used for generating functional grasp. The results also show that the effect of stimulation varies from person to person reflecting inters subject anatomical variability

Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian National Congress and Party Politics, 1934–1954

Jayaprakash Narayan, better remembered for his exploits in the Quit India movement of 1942, social work in the 1960s and his call for a ‘Total Revolution’ in 1974, was also a leading Congress socialist between 1934 and 1948, as well as active in non-Congress socialist politics till 1954. An admirer of Jawaharlal Nehru, he was a vocal critic of Vallabhbhai Patel. A radical with pronounced leftist tendencies, he was a bête noire of an elite-based politics of capitalist, communitarian and majoritarian impulses. Twice a member of Congress Working Committee, he was repeatedly invited by Nehru to join his government after Patel’s death and was spoken of as Nehru’s successor in the 1950s. These somewhat overshadowed aspects of his political life, in comparison to his social leadership, make it an important prism of Congress politics, its culture of ‘control and consensus’ and characteristics of ‘continuity and change’ with the colonial state