Concurrent infections by all four dengue virus serotypes during an outbreak of dengue in 2006 in Delhi, India

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Co-circulation of multiple dengue virus serotypes has been reported from many parts of the world including India, however concurrent infection with more than one serotype of dengue viruses in the same individual is rarely documented. An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) occurred in and around Delhi in 2006. This is the first report from India with high percentage of concurrent infections with different dengue virus serotypes circulating during one outbreak.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Acute phase sera from patients were tested for the presence of dengue virus RNA by RT-PCR assay. Of the 69 samples tested for dengue virus RNA, 48 (69.5%) were found to be positive. All the four dengue virus serotypes were found to be co-circulating in this outbreak with DENV-3 being the predominant serotype. In addition in 9 of 48 (19%) dengue virus positive samples, concurrent infection with more than one dengue virus serotype were identified.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This is the first report in which concurrent infections with different dengue virus serotypes is being reported during an outbreak from India. Delhi is now truly hyperendemic for dengue.</p

Safety Pharmacological studies of Kalyanaka ghrita

Safety pharmacology is a study of unfavorable, pharmacodynamic effects of a drug on physiological functions with therapeutic range by using International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) S7A guidelines. The cardiovascular, central nervous, and respiratory systems are most affected by pharmacological side effects, resulting withdrawal of multiple medications from the market. Kalyanaka ghrita (KG) is an Ayurvedic formulation with ghee as a major basic component, though a promising candidate in treatment of AD, KG has not been documented for its safety profile, which prompted the study. In this study we evaluated safety pharmacology of KG oral (4, 2, 1g/kg), and nasal (100, 50, 25 µl/rat), in Wistar rats for 28 days subjected to CNS, CVS and the respiratory safety profile was evaluated on day 0, 14 and 28. At the end of the study the nasal turbinate was evaluated histopathologically. In the present study KG did not cause any significant change in CNS profile. However KG treatment had increased the grooming and rearing behaviors, which were not significant compared to vehicle control and did not cause change in CVS and respiratory profile upon treatment with KG for 28 days. The epithelium of nasal turbinate of animals was found intact after 28 days of nasal administration. After sustained dosing, the KG oral and intranasal treated groups showed no harmful events, which illustrates the CNS, CVS and respiratory safety profile of Kalyanaka ghrita.</jats:p

Prefazione a: Blocco tematico: Gli studi slavistici in Italia nell’ultimo trentennio (1991-2021): questioni specifiche. Parte I

vol. 20 (2023)

Refuting fake news on social media: nonprofits, crisis response strategies and issue involvement

Purpose The dissemination of fake news has accelerated with social media and this has important implications for both organizations and their stakeholders alike. Hence, the purpose of this study is to shed light on the effectiveness of the crisis response strategies of denial and attack in addressing rumors about consumer privacy when non-profit organizations are targeted on social media. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, a 2 (response type: denial vs attack) × 2 (privacy concerns: low vs high), between-group online experiment was conducted via Qualtrics. Findings The results indicated that one’s involvement level in the issue determines the effectiveness of the crisis response strategy. Data showed that attacking the source of fake news (as a crisis response) reduces the message’s credibility more than denying fake news. Furthermore, highly involved individuals are more likely to centrally process information and develop positive supportive intentions toward the affected non-profit brand. High issue involvement also predicted organizational and response credibility. Conversely, an attack rebuttal message increased the credibility of the circulated malicious rumors for low involved individuals. Research limitations/implications The findings suggest that issue involvement plays a key role in message perceptions of false information regarding consumer privacy in social media. Practical implications Practically, this study offers insights for organizations that are developing response strategies in the current environment of fake news. Findings from this study suggest that organizations need to consider the degree to which audiences are currently involved in an issue before deciding how aggressively to respond to perpetrators of fake news. Originality/value The present study examines the intersection of fake news and crisis management in the non-profit sector, with an emphasis on various response strategies and issue involvement. This is one of the first attempts to experimentally investigate how social media strategies can defend and protect non-profit reputation in the fake news era. </jats:sec