Formulation development and Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium Extended release Matrix tablets as per USP standards.

Objetivo: Formular diclofenaco sódico extendido tabletas de liberación como por las normas dadas para las tabletas de liberación prolongada de diclofenaco sódico en USP.Materiales y métodos: las tabletas de liberación prolongada de sodio diclofenaco fue preparado utilizando diferente concentración de polímeros como sódico de celulosa de metilo hidroxilo propilo K4M (HPMC K4M) y sodio de celulosa de hidroxilo propil metil K15M (HPMC K15M). Las interacciones de polímero de drogas se estudiaron utilizando espectroscopia de (FT-IR) infrarroja de transformada de Fourier. La liberación de drogas in vitro y drogas liberación estudios cinéticos de todas las formulaciones fueron realizadas y en comparación con el producto comercializado Sor Fenac La optimización hecha teniendo en cuenta factores tales como límite de liberación de drogas dado por exponente de t50 estándar, % y liberación USP (‘ n ‘ valor como por Korsmeyer Peppas).Resultados y conclusiones: FT-IR la espectroscopia estudios revelaron que no hubo ninguna interacción entre drogas y excipientes. La liberación de drogas señaló que depende de la concentración y naturaleza de la tasa de control de polímeros utilizados. Los ANOVA los estudios revelaron que las formulaciones muestran un efecto significativo en la liberación de drogas. Los estudios de optimización demostraron que la formulación que contiene drogas, proporción de polímero (HPMC K4M) de 1:1.5 (formulación M3) es la formulación más satisfactoria. Los estudios de estabilidad demostraron que la formulación es estable.Aim: To formulate Diclofenac sodium extended release tablets as per the standards given for extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium in USP.Materials and Methods: The extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium was prepared by using different concentration of polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K4M (HPMC K4M) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K15M (HPMC K15M). The drug polymer interactions were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release and drug release kinetic studies of all the formulations were performed and compared with the marketed product Fenac SR. The optimization done by considering the factors such as drug release limit given as per USP standard, t50% and release exponent (‘n’ value as per Korsmeyer Peppas).Results and Conclusions: The FT-IR spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The drug release observed that it depends on the concentration and nature of the rate controlling polymers used. The ANOVA studies revealed that the formulations show significant effect in drug release. The optimization studies proved that the formulation containing drug, polymer (HPMC K4M) ratio of 1:1.5 (Formulation M3) is the most satisfactory formulation. The stability studies proved that the formulation is stable

Molecular Characterisation of Small Molecule Agonists Effect on the Human Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Internalisation

The glucagon-like peptide receptor (GLP-1R), which is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), signals through both Gαs and Gαq coupled pathways and ERK phosphorylation to stimulate insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to determine molecular details of the effect of small molecule agonists, compounds 2 and B, on GLP-1R mediated cAMP production, intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and its internalisation. In human GLP-1R (hGLP-1R) expressing cells, compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production but caused no intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation or hGLP-1R internalisation. GLP-1 antagonists Ex(9-39) and JANT-4 and the orthosteric binding site mutation (V36A) in hGLP-1R failed to inhibit compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, confirming that their binding site distinct from the GLP-1 binding site on GLP-1R. However, K334A mutation of hGLP-1R, which affects Gαs coupling, inhibited GLP-1 as well as compounds 2 and B induced cAMP production, indicating that GLP-1, compounds 2 and B binding induce similar conformational changes in the GLP-1R for Gαs coupling. Additionally, compound 2 or B binding to the hGLP-1R had significantly reduced GLP-1 induced intracellular Ca2+ accumulation, ERK phosphorylation and hGLP-1R internalisation. This study illustrates pharmacology of differential activation of GLP-1R by GLP-1 and compounds 2 and B

Desarrollo de formulación y optimización de diclofenaco sódico extendido liberación tabletas de matriz como por las normas de la USP

Aim: To formulate Diclofenac sodium extended release tablets as per the standards given for extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium in USP. Materials and Methods: The extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium was prepared by using different concentration of polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K4M (HPMC K4M) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K15M (HPMC K15M). The drug polymer interactions were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release and drug release kinetic studies of all the formulations were performed and compared with the marketed product Fenac SR. The optimization done by considering the factors such as drug release limit given as per USP standard, t50% and release exponent (‘n’ value as per Korsmeyer Peppas). Results and Conclusions: The FT-IR spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The drug release observed that it depends on the concentration and nature of the rate controlling polymers used. The ANOVA studies revealed that the formulations show significant effect in drug release. The optimization studies proved that the formulation containing drug, polymer (HPMC K4M) ratio of 1:1.5 (Formulation M3) is the most satisfactory formulation. The stability studies proved that the formulation is stable.Objetivo: Formular diclofenaco sódico extendido tabletas de liberación como por las normas dadas para las tabletas de liberación prolongada de diclofenaco sódico en USP. Materiales y métodos: las tabletas de liberación prolongada de sodio diclofenaco fue preparado utilizando diferente concentración de polímeros como sódico de celulosa de metilo hidroxilo propilo K4M (HPMC K4M) y sodio de celulosa de hidroxilo propil metil K15M (HPMC K15M). Las interacciones de polímero de drogas se estudiaron utilizando espectroscopia de (FT-IR) infrarroja de transformada de Fourier. La liberación de drogas in vitro y drogas liberación estudios cinéticos de todas las formulaciones fueron realizadas y en comparación con el producto comercializado Sor Fenac La optimización hecha teniendo en cuenta factores tales como límite de liberación de drogas dado por exponente de t50 estándar, % y liberación USP (‘ n ‘ valor como por Korsmeyer Peppas). Resultados y conclusiones: FT-IR la espectroscopia estudios revelaron que no hubo ninguna interacción entre drogas y excipientes. La liberación de drogas señaló que depende de la concentración y naturaleza de la tasa de control de polímeros utilizados. Los ANOVA los estudios revelaron que las formulaciones muestran un efecto significativo en la liberación de drogas. Los estudios de optimización demostraron que la formulación que contiene drogas, proporción de polímero (HPMC K4M) de 1:1.5 (formulación M3) es la formulación más satisfactoria. Los estudios de estabilidad demostraron que la formulación es estable.Nehru college of Pharmacy, Pampay, Kerala was provided excellent facility for doing the research work

Diseño, desarrollo y optimización de tabletas bioadhesivas bucales de diclofenaco sódico para el tratamiento de odontalgia

The buccal tablets were formulated using the rate controlling polymers such as carbopol 974 P and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M) or Sodium alginate in various ratios by D-Optimal design. Numerical optimization technique was applied to find out the best formulation by using the software Design Expert. All the formulations were evaluated and it was found that the carbopol 974P have good bioadhesion property but the HPMC K4M controls the drug release. In vitro drug release and release exponent were considered as dependent variables for optimization. The ideal formulation was undergone in vitro diffusion studies and stability studies.Para la formulación de los comprimidos orales se usó la tasa de control de polímeros tales como carbopol 974P e hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa K4M (HPMC K4M) o alginato de sodio en varias proporciones, mediante el método de diseño D-Optimal. Se utilizó el programa Design Expert para aplicar la técnica de optimización numérica y encontrar la formulación óptima. Después de evaluar todas las formulaciones, se encontró que el carbopol 974P tiene propiedades de bioadhesión buenas pero el HPMC K4M controla la liberación del fármaco. In vitro, la liberación del fármaco y el exponente de liberación se consideraron variables dependientes para la optimización. La formulación ideal se realizó mediante estudios de difusión y de estabilidad in vitro

Triple-negative and non–triple-negative breast cancer in a south Indian cohort.

e13110 Background: The heterogeneity of breast cancer explains in part the differences in the morbidity and mortality of this disease. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific subset of tumors characterized by the absence of the 3 most commonly targeted biomarkers considered for breast cancer treatment: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2). TNBC accounts for 15% to 20% of all breast cancer diagnoses and usually has a more aggressive clinical course, with worse evolution within the first 3 to 5 years after diagnosis; early and higher rates of distant recurrences, typically visceral; and poor survival. Methods: To analyze the clinical, pathological, and sociodemographic aspects between triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and non-TNBC in a Kerala cohort and identify potential prognostic factors. This hospital-based retrospective cohort study (From January 2017 till December 2018) included 465 women with breast cancer treated at MVR Cancer Centre &amp; Research Institute in North Kerala. Overall and disease-free survival was compared; prognostic factors were evaluated. Results: Triple-negative breast cancer corresponded to 16.3% of breast cancer diagnosis and was more prevalent among rural women. The patients with TNBC tended to present with stage III cancer, high p53 expression, lymphocytic infiltration, and multifocality and treated with radical surgery and chemotherapy. The 2-year overall and disease-free survival were 52.1% and 43.5% for TNBC and 83.8% and 73.4% for non-TNBC, respectively ( P &lt; .001). The TNBC recurrence was associated with multicentricity, whereas lymph node involvement increased the risk of both recurrence and death. Non-TNBC worse clinical course was associated with rural women, younger age, lymph node involvement, and advanced stage. Conclusions: Triple-negative breast cancer exhibited a more aggressive behavior, earlier and more frequent recurrence, and worse survival compared with non-TNBC. While biological and social variables were associated with poorer prognosis in non-TNBC, only lymph node involvement and multicentricity were correlated with worse clinical outcomes in TNBC. </jats:p

Understanding women’s perspectives on breast cancer is essential for early breast cancer diagnosis and to avoid diagnosis delay: A mixed method study.

e24036 Background: Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Since 2017, MVR Cancer Centre is a tertiary care hospital, New national guidelines focused on clinical breast exam and mammogram require that women be aware of and seek care for breast concerns. Therefore, this study aims to understand women’s perspective on breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: Sequential explanatory method was used to satisfy the objectives of the study. A crossectional survey was conducted to conveniently sampled women aged 30 and older to assess women’s perspectives on breast cancer and care-seeking behavior. We did a qualitative interview among selected breast cancer women to know about the reasons of delayed diagnosis and treatment delay. Results: Among 378 women with a median age of 49 (IQR: 34–62) years, 73% have heard of cancer and 30% have received self-breast examination. Women self-evaluated their knowledge of breast cancer (from 1-none to 10-extremely knowledgeable) with a median response of 3 (IQR: 1–4). Only 24% felt they knew any signs or symptoms of breast cancer. Encouragingly, 42% of women were fairly-to-very confident they would notice changes in their breasts, with 22% of women practicing self-breast examination and 8% reporting they had received a past breast exam. Overall, 64% said they would be somewhat-to-very likely to seek care if they noticed breast changes, with 98% noting severity of symptoms as a motivator. However, altered sexuality (43%), fear of losing a breast - Womanhood(70%) and fear of a poor diagnosis (48%) were most frequent barriers to care seeking. In assessing knowledge of risk factors, about 70% of women did not know any risk factors for breast cancer whereas 12% of women believed long term contraceptive use a risk factor. However, 37% and 35% of women did not think that family history or being older were risk factors, respectively. Social recognition as woman, existence of womanhood, cost of treatment and related financial burden and fear of complications and death are the themes emerged from the qualitative study. Conclusions: The success of efforts to improve early diagnosis in a setting without population-based screening depends on women being aware of breast cancer signs and symptoms, risks, and ultimately seeking care for breast concerns. Unfortunately, most women said they would seek care if they noticed a severity in the signs and symptoms of cancer, but the low levels of cancer knowledge, symptoms, and common risk factors highlight the need for targeted community education and awareness campaigns. </jats:p

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Not AvailableCoccinellid species belonging to fifteen genera, under five tribes of the family Coccinellidae were collected and identified in this study. Harmonia (Fab.) was the most predominant in southern regions and Coccinella septumpunctata L. was more abundant in the northern and hill regions. Margalef richness index ranged from 9.07 to 14.00 while the species richness directly measured by Hills number H0 ranged from 5-10, with highest species richness present at Malan, Himachal Pradesh. The highest predation was observed in female H. octomaculata which fed on a maximum of 8.00, 7.42 and 6.59 brown planthopper (BPH), WBPH white backed planthopper (WBPH) and green leafhopper (GLH) respectively per day, while the lowest was observed in Propylea dissecta which fed on 3.18 to 4.50 hoppers per day. Coccinellids like H. octomaculata can be utilized in biological control programmes as a part of Integrated Pest Management to reduce pest outbreakNot Availabl

Can COV Direct: Effectiveness of a tele-medicine self- care interventions for cancer survivors during COVID 19 pandemic.

1583 Background: Good mental health improves the overall quality of life. Anxiety and depression in post-treatment cancer survivors is common and can affect adversely on the individual. CanCovDirect is a novel, tele-medicine self-care intervention for cancer survivors. We practiced a randomized controlled superiority trial to compare CanCovDirect with usual standard care (SC) in this population.Methods: Individuals completing cancer treatment within the past 3 years who had symptoms with or without anxiety or depression were recruited from clinical and community settings in Northern Kerala. We allocated the participants using block randomization (CanCovDirect plus SC or to SC alone). Assessments of anxiety and depression severity (Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale [CES-D]; primary outcome) and secondary outcomes anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) health-related quality of life (Short Form Survey-12 mental and physical component summaries), were conducted at baseline, as well as 3 and 6 months (primary time point). Analyses of outcomes were adjusted for covariates using linear regression. Results: Participants recruited between June 2020 and November 2020 were randomly assigned to CanCovDirect (n = 152) or SC (n = 152). Among 350 participants randomly assigned, 304 (86.85%) completed the primary outcome at 6 months. CanCovDirect participants reported less severe anxiety and depressive symptoms on the CES-D than SC participants at 6 months, adjusted effect size (ES) 1.68 (95% CI, 1.28 to 2.05). CanCovDirect participants also had significantly greater quality of life compared with SC. Exploratory analysis suggested that types of cancer was a modifier of the primary outcome (interaction term P value =.04); the intervention was effective in women (ES, 0.62; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.89). Conclusions: CanCovDirect is an essential method of managing mild-moderate depression and anxiety symptoms in cancer survivors. </jats:p