Koordinasi Proteksi sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Terjadinya Sympathetic Trip di Kawasan Tursina, PT. Pupuk Kaltim

Dalam sistem tenaga listrik diperlukan sistem tenaga listrik yang dapat menjamin keandalan penyaluran. Semakin besar jumlah gangguan, berarti keandalan sistem makin rendah begitu juga sebaliknya. Salah satu gangguan yang sering terjadi adalah Sympathetic Trip Peristiwa ini pada umumnya disebut trip ikutan atau palsu. Hal ini dapat mengganggu keandalan system dan kontinuitas sistem jaringan yang sehat. Hal ini terjadi pada PT. Pupuk Kaltim, saat ada gangguan hubung singkat. Pada saat gangguan terjadi di Tursina pada bus TUS-SG-001, terjadi trip simpatetik di island lain, terutama pada island tanpa impedansi seperti Kanibungan, pada rele OCR_INCK5 dan rele backup nya karena karena arus gangguan yang dirasakan terlalu besar, yakni mencapai 8.141 kA. Oleh sebab itu untuk mengurangi arus gangguan hubung singkat tersebut digunakan suatu impedansi tambahan yaitu Insulated Transformer. Trafo ini dipasang pada bagian outgoing Tursina menuju ring PT. Pupuk Kaltim Pemasangan Trafo dapat mengurangi besarnya arus hubung singkat pada bus TUS-SG-01 dan TU-SG-01 dari 8.141 kA menjadi 1.75 kA. Pemasangan Insulated Transformer sebesar 25 MVA menunjukkan arus hubung singkat semakin berkurang sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya Perubahan koordinasi proteksi rele arus lebih pada Tursina. Studi koordinasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah sistem pengaman bekerja dengan baik. Hasil analisa hubung singkat serta studi koordinasi proteksi akan ditampilkan dalam bentuk kurva time current characteristic (TCC)

Recognition of handwritten digits using proximal support vector machine

Handwritten Digit Recognition System involves reception and interpretation of handwritten digits by a machine. Due to variation in shape and orientation of handwritten digits, it is difficult for a machine to interpret handwritten digits. Handwritten digit Recognition has a wide area of research due to its vast applications like automatic bank cheques processing, billing and automatic postal service. In this thesis, an Offline Handwritten Digit Recognition System is presented. The recognition system is broadly divided into 2 parts, first part is feature extraction from handwritten images and the second one is classification of feature vector into digits. We propose descriptors for handwritten digit recognition based on Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature .It is one of the widely used feature vector for object detection in computer vision. For classification of features, linear Proximal Support Vector Machine (PSVM) Classifier is proposed. This is a binary class classifier which is further converted to a 10 class classifier by means of One against all algorithm. Due to small training time, PSVM classifier is preferable over standard Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier. The handwritten images both for training and testing are taken from MNIST database. The performance of the system is measured in terms of Sensitivity, Accuracy, Positive Predictivity and Specificity. The performance of PSVM classifier is better compared to Artificial Neural Network(ANN)

Socio-Economic status of fishers of reservoirs of India

The present study is a rapid assessment of socio-economic status to estimate income, illiteracy and health of reservoir fishersinsevenstatesoflndia.stmctureddatafrom4l5fishermenwerecollected. The result indicated that against the Indian average literacy rate of '74.52o/o the literacy rate of 63.32% was recorded among the sampled hshers. The school dropouts were more at secondary level of education(57 .75%o ). Fishers' children were vaccinated in most of the states as per the recommendation of Indian Council of Medical Research. The average monthly expenditure of the households was worked out to be Rs. 3148.3 only, which is very low to sustain livelihood; often lead to indebtness

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Forage Production Assessment and Management of Northern Chhattisgarh in India

Grasslands play a vital ecological and environmental role in global carbon balance and climate change. In the prairie provinces of Canada, grasslands occupy approximately 25 M ha of the land base and provide a valuable resource to the multi-billion dollar cattle industry. In recent years, remote sensing technology has been applied for estimating the fractional cover of arid grasslands and savannah ecosystems (Asner and Heidebrecht, 2003; Marsett et al. 2006; Guerschman et al., 2009). Grassland, a specific ecosystem, occurs naturally on all continents excluding Antarctica (White et al., 2000). Remote sensing imagery needs to be converted into tangible information which can be utilized in conjunction with other data sets, often within widely used Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Remote Sensing & GIS is the most important technologies since last decades for the delineation, assessment and management of the natural resource (forage production). Using these methods we delineated the forage resources assessment and management of northern Part of Chhattisgarh. The study areas geo-database has been generated with the help of Arc Map and Erdas Imagine software

Towards actionable international comparisons of health system performance: expert revision of the OECD framework and quality indicators

Objective To review and update the conceptual framework, indicator content and research priorities of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project, after a decade of collaborative work. Design A structured assessment was carried out using a modified Delphi approach, followed by a consensus meeting, to assess the suite of HCQI for international comparisons, agree on revisions to the original framework and set priorities for research and development. Setting International group of countries participating to OECD projects. Participants Members of the OECD HCQI expert group. Results A reference matrix, based on a revised performance framework, was used to map and assess all seventy HCQI routinely calculated by the OECD expert group. A total of 21 indicators were agreed to be excluded, due to the following concerns: (i) relevance, (ii) international comparability, particularly where heterogeneous coding practices might induce bias, (iii) feasibility, when the number of countries able to report was limited and the added value did not justify sustained effort and (iv) actionability, for indicators that were unlikely to improve on the basis of targeted policy interventions. Conclusions The revised OECD framework for HCQI represents a new milestone of a long-standing international collaboration among a group of countries committed to building common ground for performance measurement. The expert group believes that the continuation of this work is paramount to provide decision makers with a validated toolbox to directly act on quality improvement strategie

PHOSPHATE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN STREAM SEDIMENTS AND WATER: POTENTIAL EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS

ABSTRACT. Sediments often play an important role in the temporary storage and release of phosphorus (P) in streams, espe-cially streams receiving municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The objective of this study was to evaluate sediment−aqueous phase P equilibrium in four Ozark streams, and to determine the effect of alum (Al2(SO4)3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on stream sediment−P interactions and content of exchangeable P. Stream physicochemical properties were significantly affected by the effluent discharge from the WWTPs; of particular interest to this study was that the increase in P concentrations varied greatly among streams. Phosphorus inputs from WWTP significantly increased sediment equilibrium P concentrations (sediment−EPC0) and readily exchangeable sediment−bound P, while decreasing the P buffering capacity of stream sediments. Sediment−EPC0 values were as great as 7 mg L−1 downstream from one WWTP, suggesting that sediments are a transient storage pool of P and may release P back into the stream system when P inputs from the WWTP are reduced. The addition of alum and CaCO3 significantly reduced the sediment−EPC0 and readily exchangeable P, while increasing the ability of sediments to buffer increasing P loads

Phosphorus Mitigation to Control River Eutrophication: Murky Waters, Inconvenient Truths, and “Postnormal” Science

This commentary examines an "inconvenient truth" that phosphorus (P)-based nutrient mitigation, long regarded as the key tool in eutrophication management, in many cases has not yet yielded the desired reductions in water quality and nuisance algal growth in rivers and their associated downstream ecosystems. We examine why the water quality and aquatic ecology have not recovered, in some case aft er two decades or more of reduced P inputs, including (i) legacies of past land-use management, (ii) decoupling of algal growth responses to river P loading in eutrophically impaired rivers; and (iii) recovery trajectories, which may be nonlinear and characterized by thresholds and alternative stable states. It is possible that baselines have shifted and that some disturbed river environments may never return to predisturbance conditions or may require P reductions below those that originally triggered ecological degradation. We discuss the practical implications of setting P-based nutrient criteria to protect and improve river water quality and ecology, drawing on a case study from the Red River Basin in the United States. We conclude that the challenges facing nutrient management and eutrophication control bear the hallmarks of "postnormal" science, where uncertainties are large, management intervention is urgently required, and decision stakes are high. We argue a case for a more holistic approach to eutrophication management that includes more sophisticated regime-based nutrient criteria and considers other nutrient and pollutant controls and river restoration (e.g., physical habitat and functional food web interactions) to promote more resilient water quality and ecosystem functioning along the land-freshwater continuum

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Not AvailableGovernment of Chhattisgarh has taken unique initiative for development of bio-fuel in consonance with government of India. Bio-fuel production in state can effectively increase employment, improve economy of rural area, reduce dependence on oil imports and minimize pollution. This paper tries to analyse the economic feasibility of biofuel policy of Chhattisgarh which has enormous renewable resources with immense potential of tree borne oil species. To analyse the parameters of bio-fuel policy, official documents and data pertaining to plantation, carried out by different agencies involved in bio-fuel programme, were collected. Alternative plans were worked out using criteria of survival of plantation carried out by different agencies. The survival rates were considered in the proportion/percentage of total plantation (i.e. 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% respectively). Similarly recovery of oil from one kg of seed was worked out in the scale of 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% respectively. This study suggested that the best option will be to ensure 100 per cent survival of plantation with 40 per cent oil recovery in per kg seed. The paper concludes that the success of biodiesel greatly depends on oil percentage in seeds as well as survival percentage. Therefore a targeted research programme should be launch giving a clear mandate and targets to research institutes. Government may develop a long term programme to involve local community under SHGs or informal group structure. Minimum support price for seed should be determined on the base of oil percentage. The bio-fuel development, incentive should be given in form of subsidies, tax relief, insurance to the entrepreneurs involved in pre and post harvest processing.Not Availabl