Design and Implementation of Integer Transform and Quantization Processor for H.264 Encoder on FPGA

This paper proposes a novel implementation of the core processors, the integer transform and quantization for H.264 video encoder using an FPGA. It is capable of processing the picture frames with the desired compression controlled by the user input. The algorithm and architecture of the components of the video encoder namely, integer transformation, quantization were developed, designed and coded in Verilog. The complete H.264 video encoder was coded in Matlab in order to verify the results of the Verilog implementation. The processor is implemented on a Xilinx Vertex – II Pro XC2VP30 FPGA. The gate count of the implementation is approximately 1,057,000 working at a frequency of 208 MHz. It can process 1024x768 pixel color images in 4:2:0 format at 25 frames per second. The reconstructed picture quality is better than 35 dB

Design and Implementation of Image Compression Encoder using Orthogonal Approximation DCT

Image Compression is usually carried out using discrete cosine transform (DCT) because compressed image using DCT will take less memory to store the image and quality of the image will be good compared JPEG and HEVC. But, in this work an attempt is made to achieve compression using Approximation DCT (ADCT). ADCT is useful for reducing its computational complexity without affecting its coding performance. It provides better image and video compression compared to the DCT. ADCT is orthogonal and it has lower structural complexity compared to DCT. The unique feature of the ADCT is that it could be configured for the computation of the 32 point ADCT or for parallel computation of two16 point ADCTs or four 8 points ADCTs. It has many advantages in terms of orthogonality, structural simplicity and lower computational complexity. The proposed ADCT is implemented using Verilog and Simulated by ModelSim and synthesized by Xilinx ISE 9.1i. Results are compared with 16 point ADCT with 16 point DCT implementation. The target device is XC5vtx330t-2ff1738. The 16 point ADCT implementation results in a saving of 28.37% IOBs and 63% of LUTs, compared to existing 16 point DCT implementation

Standardization of the method for estimation of ethambutol in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluid

A simple column chromatographic method for determination of ethambutol (EMB) in pharmaceutical preparations containing EMB in combination with other anti-TB drugs is presented. The method involved extraction of EMB into an organic solvent. followed by basification and column chromatographic separation on Amberlite CG 50 (100-200 mesh) and elution with suitable eluants and estimation at a wavelength of 270 nm. The assay was linear from 25 to 400 μg/ml. The relative standard deviations of intra and inter day assays were lower than 5%. Ethambutol was recovered from human urine quantitatively and stable for a period of atleast one week in urine stored at-20°C

Shock stand-off distance visualization in hypersonic shock tunnel using electrical discharge technique

Visualization of the detached shock wave that forms ahead of a blunt body flying at hypersonic Mach number using electrical discharge technique is a simple and convenient technique to measure the stand-off distance experimentally in an hypersonic shock tunnel. In this technique a thin sheet of electrical discharge generated between a point electrode attached to the wall of the test section and a line electrode embedded on the model surface reveals the position of the shock wave around the body in hypersonic flow. In this paper we present the details of this technique and sample results obtained for typical body shapes tested in HST2 shock tunnel at a freestream Mach number of 5.75. The detached shock waves in front of the test models are clearly visualized using this technique. The shock stand-off distance estimated based on the numerical results for a large angle blunt cone obtained using a commercial CFD code match well with the experimentally measured value. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of the electrical discharge technique for visualizing the flowfields in hypersonic testing facilities having very short test time

Assay of ethambutol in pharmaceutical preparations

Ethambutol tablets of 200 and 400 mg denominations were assayed by the standard non-aqueous titration method and a simpler calorimetric method. With the titrimetric method, assay values, appreciably higher than the stated content (117% or more), were obtained with the products of 4 companies, while all the values were within 6% of the stated content by the calorimetric method. Rifampicin and pyrazinamide interfered with the estimation of ethambutol by both methods: isoniazid, however, caused an overestimation with the titrimetric method only

Gastro-intestinal absorption of isoniazid and rifampicin in patients with intestinal tuberculosis

The gastro-intestinal absorption of isoniazid and rifampicin was studied in 12 patients with intestinal tuberculosis (10 slow and 2 rapid acetylators of isoniazid) and compared with that in 18 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (8 slow and 10 rapid acetylators). Exposure (area under the time-concentration curve), calculated on the basis of serum concentrations of the two drugs at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 hours, and the proportion of dose of isoniazid excreted in urine collected over the period (0-8½) hours as isoniccotinyl compounds after drug administration were similar in the 2 groups suggesting no impairment of gastro-intestinal absorption of the 2 drugs in patients with intestinal tuberculosis. It was also observed that there was no delay in the absorption of the 2 drugs in patients with intestinal tuberculosis as compared to that in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The absorption of D-xylose, used to assess the absorptive capacity of the proximal small intestine, was also similar and normal in both groups of patients

Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and rifampicin in patients with renal failure undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) Running Head : Pharmacokinetic of INH & RMP in renal failure (CAPD)

The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) was determined in 22 renal failure patients, 11 each with low and high membrane permeabilities (LMP and HMP) undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD). Blood samples were collected at different time points following oral administration of INH and RMP. Estimations of INH and RMP in blood were carried out by standard procedures and certain pharmacokinetic variables were calculated based on their concentrations in blood. The INH inactivation status was determined based on salivary levels of INH. The pharmacokinetic variables of INH and RMP did not differ significantly between LMP and HMP groups. The study results suggest that renal failure patients on CAPD may not require reduction in the dosage of RMP or INH in rapid acetylators. Slow acetylators might require dose reduction of INH. Determination of INH inactivation status is important when patients with renal failure and tuberculosis are treated with INH-containing regimens

Acetylator status influences bioavailability of isoniazid in patients with advanced HIV disease

Patients with advanced HIV disease may exhibit malabsorption of anti-tuberculosis(TB) drugs. We evaluated the effect of isoniazid (INH) acetylator status on the bioavailability of INH in HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis, based on urinary excretion of the drug. Estimation of INH in urine collected up to 8 hours after oral administration of 300 mg INH were undertaken in 23 TB, 40 HIV and 26 HIV-TB patients. Determination of acetylator status of all these patients was also carried by differential estimations of INH and acetyl INH in urine collected between 5 and 6 hours after oral administration of 300 mg INH. Both slow and rapid acetylators in HIV and HIV-TB groups had significantly lower concentration of INH in urine compared to TB patients. The percent decrease in urinary excretion of INH was significantly higher in rapid than in slow acetylators, when compared to the corresponding TB patients. Acetylator status has an impact on the bioavailability of INH. Malbsorption in patients with advanced HIV disease may lead to decreased bioavailability of INH, particularly in rapid acetylators. Urinary estimation of INH provides reliable information on the bioavailability of the drug