Kebijakan Indonesia dalam Melarang Ekspor Mineral Mentah Tahun 2009-2014 (Studi Kasus: Larangan Ekspor Mineral Mentah Nikel ke Tiongkok)

This research will explain why Indonesia banned the export of raw minerals out of State that is described in the study case of a ban on the export of nickel mineral to Tiongkok. The purpose of this research is to find out how the mining mineral in Indonesia, and how the necessity of Tiongkok about nickel mineral in Indonesia and to discover why Indonesia banned the export of nickel mineral to Tiongkok that is listed in the regulations No.4 of 2009. Indonesia is reputed to be the worlds largest exporter of minerals but why Indonesia banned the export of nickel minerals to abroad in the middle of the conditions under which each country sought to increase his countrys export value respectively.The method that used is library research where the data were obtained from sources that are relevant to the research problems are discussed. This research uses the perspective of mercantilism, and theories of foreign policy as well as the concept of national interest according to Jack C.Plano and Roy Olton.The results of this research indicate that the purpose of Indonesia stop the export of raw nickel minerals to Tiongkok is to increase the export value of nickel minerals that will be exported. Through the regulations No.4 of 2009, Indonesia aims to improve mine activities by attempting to build a smelter or tools to process the raw nickels in order to increases the sell value of nickel aboard. Construction of the smelter in Indonesia is expected to increase revenue through exports of nickel from Indonesia to abroad. Keywords: Mining, nickel, Smelters, Regulations No.4 of 2009

Transport coefficients from the Boson Uehling-Uhlenbeck Equation

We derive microscopic expressions for the bulk viscosity, shear viscosity and thermal conductivity of a quantum degenerate Bose gas above $T_C$, the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation. The gas interacts via a contact potential and is described by the Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation. To derive the transport coefficients, we use Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory rather than the Chapman-Enskog approach. This approach illuminates the link between transport coefficients and eigenvalues of the collision operator. We find that a method of summing the second order contributions using the fact that the relaxation rates have a known limit improves the accuracy of the computations. We numerically compute the shear viscosity and thermal conductivity for any boson gas that interacts via a contact potential. We find that the bulk viscosity remains identically zero as it is for the classical case.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Effects of Pituitary Stalk-transection and Type of Barrier on Pituitary and Luteal Function During the Estrous Cycle of the Ewe

Effects of pituitary stalk-transection on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) prolactin (PRL) and progesterone were investigated during the estrous cycle of ewes. Pituitary stalk (SS) or sham (SH) transection was performed on day 1 (estrus = day 0) of the estrous cycle. A Teflon or Silastic barrier was placed between the cut ends of the stalk to prevent reorganization of the portal vasculature. Immediately following surgery, pulsatile administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH, 200 ng/hr) or .9% NaCl was initiated and continued for the duration of the experiment. Estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 μg im) was administered to all ewes on day 3. Mean concentrations of LH were greater in SS ewes than in SH ewes (P\u3c.05). There was a trend (P=.06) for the concentration of LH to be higher in ewes with Teflon compared with Silastic barriers between the cut ends of the stalk. Infusion of GnRH elevated concentrations of LH in both SS and SH ewes (P\u3c.05). Concentrations of progesterone were reduced (P\u3c.01) in saline-infused SS ewes while infusion of GnRH in SS ewes maintained concentrations of progesterone similar to saline-infused SH ewes. The concentrations of FSH or PRL were unaffected by SS, type of barrier or treatment with GnRH. Administration of EB failed to induce a surge of LH except in a SH ewe infused with GnRH. Ewes were more responsive to infusion of GnRH following SS than after SH as reflected by increased plasma concentrations of LH and progesterone

Relaxation rates and collision integrals for Bose-Einstein condensates

Near equilibrium, the rate of relaxation to equilibrium and the transport properties of excitations (bogolons) in a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) are determined by three collision integrals, $\mathcal{G}^{12}$, $\mathcal{G}^{22}$, and $\mathcal{G}^{31}$. All three collision integrals conserve momentum and energy during bogolon collisions, but only $\mathcal{G}^{22}$ conserves bogolon number. Previous works have considered the contribution of only two collision integrals, $\mathcal{G}^{22}$ and $\mathcal{G}^{12}$. In this work, we show that the third collision integral $\mathcal{G}^{31}$ makes a significant contribution to the bogolon number relaxation rate and needs to be retained when computing relaxation properties of the BEC. We provide values of relaxation rates in a form that can be applied to a variety of dilute Bose-Einstein condensates.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7/201

A molecule-based 1 : 2 digital demultiplexer

A trichromophoric molecule consisting of a porphyrin linked to both a dihydropyrene and a dihydroindolizine-type photochrome, in combination with a third harmonic generating crystal, functions as a 1:2 digital demultiplexer with photonic inputs and outputs. Each of the two photochromes may be cycled independently between two metastable forms, leading to four photoisomers, three of which are used in the demultiplexer. These isomers interact photochemically with the porphyrin in order to yield the demultiplexer function. With the address input (1064-nm light) turned off, one Output of the device (porphyrin fluorescence) tracks the state of the data input (532-nm light). When the address input is turned on, the second output (absorbance at 572 nm) tracks the state of the data input, while the first output remains off. The demultiplexer does not require chemical or electrical inputs, and can cycle through its operational sequences multiple times

Coherent Propagation of Polaritons in Semiconductor Heterostructures: Nonlinear Pulse Transmission in Theory and Experiment

The influence of coherent optical nonlinearities on polariton propagation effects is studied within a theory-experiment comparison. A novel approach that combines a microscopic treatment of the boundary problem in a sample of finite thickness with excitonic and biexcitonic nonlinearities is introduced. Light-polarization dependent spectral changes are analyzed for single-pulse transmission and pump-probe excitation

Formal change impact analyses for emulated control software

Processor emulators are a software tool for allowing legacy computer programs to be executed on a modern processor. In the past emulators have been used in trivial applications such as maintenance of video games. Now, however, processor emulation is being applied to safety-critical control systems, including military avionics. These applications demand utmost guarantees of correctness, but no verification techniques exist for proving that an emulated system preserves the original system’s functional and timing properties. Here we show how this can be done by combining concepts previously used for reasoning about real-time program compilation, coupled with an understanding of the new and old software architectures. In particular, we show how both the old and new systems can be given a common semantics, thus allowing their behaviours to be compared directly

Rhenium mixed-ligand complexes with S,N,S-tridentate thiosemicarbazone/thiosemicarbazide ligands

Rhenium(V) complexes containing tridentate thiosemicarbazones/thiosemicarbazides (H2L1) derived from N-[N′,N′-dialkylamino(thiocarbonyl)]benzimidoyl chlorides with 4,4-dialkylthiosemicarbazides have been synthesized by ligand-exchange reactions starting from [ReOCl(L1)]. The chlorido ligand of [ReOCl(L1)] (4) is readily replaced and reactions with ammonium thiocyanate or potassium cyanide give [ReO(NCS)(L1)] (6) and [ReO(CN)(L1)] (7), respectively. The reaction of (NBu4)[ReOCl4] with H2L1 and two equivalents of ammonium thiocyanate, however, gives in a one-pot reaction [ReO(NCS)2(HL1)] (8), in which the pro-ligand H2L1 is only singly deprotonated. An oxo-bridged, dimeric nitridorhenium(V) compound of the composition [{ReN(HL1)}2O] (11) is obtained from a reaction of (NBu4)[ReOCl4], H2L1 and sodium azide. The six-coordinate complexes [ReO(L1)(Ph2btu)] (12), where HPh2btu is N,N-diphenyl-N′-benzoylthiourea, can be obtained by treatment of [ReOCl(L1)] with HPh2btu in the presence of NEt3. Studies of the antiproliferative effects of the [ReOX(L1)] system (X = Cl−, NCS− or CN−) on breast cancer cells show that the lability of a monodentate ligand seems to play a key role in the cytotoxic activity of the metal complexes, while the substitution of this ligand by the chelating ligand Ph2btu− completely terminates the cytotoxicity

Torts—Recovery for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Injury

Until recently, a plaintiff who had suffered emotional injury normally had to show an accompanying physical harm in order to maintain a successful action for damages. His ability to recover for severe emotional distress unaccompanied by physical injury is being recognized by an increasing number of jurisdictions. The current situation is marked by the unsettled nature of the law. Reluctance to grant relief for such an injury has been based upon a desire to avoid not only fictitious claims, but also the litigation of trivialities and bad manners. However, even before this change in attitude by the courts, if some independent tort, such as assault, battery, or false imprisonment could be made out, that cause of action served as a peg upon which to hang the recovery for emotional injury, and recovery was freely permitted. In recent years the courts have tended to recognize the intentional infliction of mental or emotional disturbance as a separate tort. In keeping with this trend, the Restatement of Torts has given recognition to liability for such an injury by revising the position stated in the original section 46.2

Criminal Law—Proximate Cause in Negligent Homicide

Defendant was charged with negligent homicide under RCW 46.56.0401 for causing the death of a pedestrian through the operation of a motor vehicle. The trial jury found the defendant guilty, but the trial judge entered an order arresting judgment and, in the alternative, granting a new trial. From this order the state appealed. In his trial memorandum, the judge ruled as a matter of law that the evidence was insufficient to show any causal relation between the defendant\u27s state of intoxication and the resulting death to a pedestrian. The Washington Supreme Court in a 5-3 decision reversed and remanded with instructions to enter judgment upon the verdict of the jury. The court held that there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that each element of the offense charged had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt