Measurements in the near-wall region of a relaxing three-dimensional low speed turbulent air boundary layer

An experimental investigation was conducted at selected locations of the near-wall region of a three dimensional turbulent air boundary layer relaxing in a nominally zero external pressure gradient behind a transverse hump (in the form of a 30 deg swept, 5-foot chord wing-type model) faired into the side wall of a low speed wind tunnel. Wall shear stresses measured with a flush-mounted hot-film gage and a sublayer fence were in very good agreement with experimental data obtained with two Preston probes. With the upstream unit Reynolds number held constant at 325,000/ft. approximately one-fourth of the boundary layer thickness adjacent to the wall was surveyed with a single rotated hot-wire probe mounted on a specially designed minimum interference traverse mechanism. The boundary layer (approximately 3.5 in thick near the first survey station where the length Reynolds number was 5.5 million) had a maximum crossflow velocity ratio of 0.145 and a maximum crossflow angle of 21.875 deg close to the wall

A three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer undergoing transverse strain and streamwise pressure gradient

Results from an experimental investigation designed to provide data on both mean and turbulence quantities in the axisymmetric, swirling boundary layer (with and without pressure gradient) flowing over a stationary cylinder downstreams of a spinning cylindrical section are presented. The pressure gradient was introduced into the flow field by a 25.4 mm-high, forward-facing, circular step mounted on the stationary cylinder, the step height being nearly equal to the thickness of the approaching boundary layer. All the measurements were made at a nominal upstream reference Reynolds number of 2.4 x 10 to the 6th power/m (corresponding to an upstream reference velocity of 36 to 37 m/sec) with the rotation of the spinner set to make its peripheral speed equal the reference velocity. The data reported included measurements of surface pressure and the mean surface shear-stress vector taken with a miniature, directional, surface-fence gage. These measurements were supplemented by oil-flow visualization studies of the stationary cylinder. The data indicates that the streamwise pressure gradient controls the development of the streamwise component of wall shear, but leaves the peripheral component of wall shear practically unaffected

Quantification of yield gaps in rain-fed rice, wheat, cotton and mustard in India

Rainfed farming / Crop yield / Simulation / Rice / Wheat / Cotton / Mustard / India

HMDSAD: Hindi multi-domain sentiment aware dictionary

Sentiment Analysis is a fast growing sub area of Natural Language Processing which extracts user's opinion and classify it according to its polarity into positive, negative or neutral classes. This task of classification is required for many purposes like opinion mining, opinion summarization, contextual advertising and market analysis but it is domain dependent. The words used to convey sentiments in one domain is different from the words used to express sentiments in other domain and it is a costly task to annotate the corpora in every possible domain of interest before training the classifier for the classification. We are making an attempt to solve this problem by creating a sentiment aware dictionary using multiple domain data. The source domain data is labeled into positive and negative classes at the document level and the target domain data is unlabeled. The dictionary is created using both source and target domain data. The words used to express positive or negative sentiments in labeled data has relatedness weights assigned to it which signifies its co-occurrence frequency with the words expressing the similar sentiments in target domain. This work is carried out in Hindi, the official language of India. The web pages in Hindi language is booming very quickly after the introduction of UTF-8 encoding style. The dictionary can be used to classify the unlabeled data in the target domain by training a classifier

Probing the morphology and anti-organic fouling behaviour of a polyetherimide membrane modified with hydrophilic organic acids as additives

A facile approach for the preparation of an organic antifouling polymer membrane has been developed using low molecular weight organic acids as additives. The presence of these additives in the membrane was analysed by FTIR spectroscopy. The properties of the modified membranes were investigated in terms of contact angle, water uptake capacity, SEM and AFM analysis. These additives exerted a strong impact on the rheological properties of the casting solution, thereby altering the membrane morphology, surface roughness, water flux and the hydrophilicity of the membranes, as compared to those of the pristine polyetherimide (PEI) membrane. The organic antifouling properties of the modified membrane were analysed by filtering both bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid solutions. The results showed that the additives exhibited a remarkable improvement in the antifouling properties (FRR of 72%) and a humic acid rejection of up to 86%. These outcomes offer new insights into the use of cheaper and readily available organic acids as additives, compared to the traditional, synthetic polymer materials as additives in membrane preparation

Human Female Genital Tract Infection by the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis Elicits Robust Type 2 Immunity

While Chlamydia trachomatis infections are frequently asymptomatic, mechanisms that regulate host response to this intracellular Gram-negative bacterium remain undefined. This investigation thus used peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endometrial tissue from women with or without Chlamydia genital tract infection to better define this response. Initial genome-wide microarray analysis revealed highly elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase 10 and other molecules characteristic of Type 2 immunity (e.g., fibrosis and wound repair) in Chlamydia-infected tissue. This result was corroborated in flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry studies that showed extant upper genital tract Chlamydia infection was associated with increased co-expression of CD200 receptor and CD206 (markers of alternative macrophage activation) by endometrial macrophages as well as increased expression of GATA-3 (the transcription factor regulating TH2 differentiation) by endometrial CD4+ T cells. Also among women with genital tract Chlamydia infection, peripheral CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD4- cells that proliferated in response to ex vivo stimulation with inactivated chlamydial antigen secreted significantly more interleukin (IL)-4 than tumor necrosis factor, interferon-γ, or IL-17; findings that repeated in T cells isolated from these same women 1 and 4 months after infection had been eradicated. Our results thus newly reveal that genital infection by an obligate intracellular bacterium induces polarization towards Type 2 immunity, including Chlamydia-specific TH2 development. Based on these findings, we now speculate that Type 2 immunity was selected by evolution as the host response to C. trachomatis in the human female genital tract to control infection and minimize immunopathological damage to vital reproductive structures. © 2013 Vicetti Miguel et al

Imaging in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of death from cancer in women after lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer. The incidence of ovarian cancer rises continuously between the ages 30 and 70 years and peaks at 59 years of age. Ovarian cancer is more lethal than endometrial and cervical cancer combined due to delayed diagnosis.Owing to the lack of symptoms and early peritoneal dissemination, the tumour has spread outside the pelvis in approximately 70% of cases at the time of diagnosis. The stage at diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor. The 5-year survival rates drop from 93% in patients with localized disease to 28% in those with distant metastases. Bimanual pelvic exam and CA 125 levels have failed to allow consistent detection of ovarian malignancy.CA 125 is a high molecular weight glycoprotein recognised by the OC 125 monoclonal antibody (sensitivity & specificity is better with combination of TVS). Since the sensitivities of these techniques are below 50%, particularly ultrasonography, CT and MRI has become indispensable in detection and staging of ovarian malignancy

Effect of negative suction drain on abdominal wounds after obstetric and gynecological surgery

Background: Wound complications are common after gynecological surgery. The purpose of the study was to find out whether use of negative suction reduces wound complications in gynecological surgery Methods: Patients undergoing obstetric and gynecological surgeries were taken into the study. The study group had negative suction drain in the subcutaneous plane. The control group had conventional layered closure of abdominal wound. Wound complications were noted in each group and compared. Results: We found significant reduction in surgical site infections in the negative suction group. In patients who are obese and BMI>25 there were less delayed wound healing, surgical site infections and gaping in negative suction group. Conclusions: The use of negative suction drain significantly reduced surgical site infections. In patients with BMI>25 there was significant reduction in the incidence of delayed wound healing, gaping and surgical site infections

Effect of fertigation on growth and yield on Chilli hybrid Arka Meghana

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertigation on chilli F1 Hybrid Arka Meghana during kharif of 2017 and 2018, with ten treatments, including different doses, sources of fertilizers and its frequency of application, in randomized block design with three replications. The pooled analysis revealed that application of fertilizer dose (125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1) through fertigation on bi-weekly basis resulted in higher plant height (76.3 cm) at 80 days after transplanting, which was on par with the same dose and source applied at weekly interval (74.0 cm). These two treatments recorded higher fruit length (12.63 and 12.27 cm), number of fruits per plant (153.33 and 169.67) and dry weight of 10 fruits (9.00 and 8.63 g), respectively. All the fertigation treatments recorded higher yields over the conventional soil application of fertilizers to the tune of 14.84 to 61.55%. Among the fertigation treatments, application of 100% of fertilizer dose using water soluble fertilizers at bi-weekly interval resulted in significantly higher yield (32.44 t ha-1) compared to all treatments except the treatment where the weekly application of same dose of fertilizer through the same sources (31.81 t ha-1) and 75% of 125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1 was applied weekly or bi-weekly intervals (29.23 and 30.01 t ha-1). Biweekly and weekly application of 100% fertilizer dose of 125:100:125 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha-1 through fertigation could yield maximum net income (Rs. 400151 and Rs. 387551 ha-1) with B: C (1.61 and 1.56). However, fertilizer applied to soil resulted in minimum net income of Rs.183054 ha-1 and B: C (0.84)

Genome wide analysis of gene expression changes in skin from patients with type 2 diabetes

Non-healing chronic ulcers are a serious complication of diabetes and are a major healthcare problem. While a host of treatments have been explored to heal or prevent these ulcers from forming, these treatments have not been found to be consistently effective in clinical trials. An understanding of the changes in gene expression in the skin of diabetic patients may provide insight into the processes and mechanisms that precede the formation of non-healing ulcers. In this study, we investigated genome wide changes in gene expression in skin between patients with type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic patients using next generation sequencing. We compared the gene expression in skin samples taken from 27 patients (13 with type 2 diabetes and 14 non-diabetic). This information may be useful in identifying the causal factors and potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetic related diseases