Speaking is a Challenging Skill in Language Learning

The aim of the research is to develop speaking skills and improve the efficiency of teaching English as a foreign language in our country. To be successful in achieving the aim, it is necessary to increase students\u27 involvement and encouragement in the speaking process. With this purpose, it is inevitable to find out who our students are, their needs, and what approaches to use. Having answered all these questions, it is possible to engage them in the process of learning language with enthusiasm and increase English speaking skills competence by creating self-confidence in them

Determination of The GALT Gene in Galactosemic Cataract Patients in Azerbaijan

Galactosemia is one of the genetic diseases that can be treated thanks to early detection by genetic screening test. Galactosemia is a hereditary metabolic disease. This disease is heterogeneous and controlled by GALT, GALK, GALE and GALM genes. The presented article is dedicated to galactosemic disease among Azerbaijani patients as a result of GALT (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase) gene mutations. This study reviews discusses the type of cataracts associated with galactosemia. The genetics of galactosemic patients are evaluated and details of galactose metabolism are described. This study describes the results of the GALT gene analysis of two Azerbaijanian patients with Galactosemic cataract. In one of the patients the heterzygous form of the same mutation, and the homozygous form in the other patient were found. In this study, control and experimental groups were determined, and DNA extracted from the peripheral blood of patients belonging to both groups was subjected to PCR amplification according to standard protocols and sequenced by Sanger sequence method. The symptoms of the disease were reviewed in these patients. Patients presented with jaundice, diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, seizures, allergies and more cataracts in the neonatal period. Commonly, Cataract disease is idiopathic origin. Also, patients with cataracts may have an underlying genetic abnormality of galactose metabolism. Elevated levels of galactose and galactose-1-phosphate and absence of GALT activity were diagnosed in the studied patients. Early biochemical and molecular-genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling of patients and their family members are extremely important in the treatment of galactosemia. We selected 25 cataract patients aged 0-45 years and 25 age and sex-matched controls for the study. Blood samples taken from the experimental and control groups, were biochemically and then molecular-genetically analyzed. Mutations Q188R, K285N and N314D were investigated in patients. Of these mutations, only the N314D mutation was detected in two patients. Both heterozygous and homozygous forms of N314D mutation were detected

Questions for foreign policy dimension of information security

У статті аналізуються проблеми формування механізму щодо забезпечення міжнародної інформаційної безпеки в умовах глобалізаційних викликів і загроз. Автор доводить, що проблематика міжнародної інформаційної безпеки трансформувалася з чисто технологічної у військово-політичну і стала одним з ключових мегатрендів світової політики. Справедливо відзначається, що технологічний дизайн дозволяє забезпечити нейтральність інтернет-технологій, які об'єднують одночасно безліч локальних мереж. Підкреслюючи те, що особливу небезпеку тут представляє так звана «мережева нейтральність», яка передбачає, що провайдери зобов'язані надавати доступ всім користувачам до всіх ресурсів на рівних умовах, блокувати трафік того чи іншого сайту або стягувати додаткову плату за збільшену швидкість доступу. Відзначається, що з огляду на інтенсивне зростання конфліктного потенціалу в світі і посилюється протиборство в глобальному інформаційному просторі, зростають ризики використання міжнародними акторами інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій в досягненні своїх геополітичних цілей шляхом маніпулювання суспільною свідомістю на глобальному рівні. Основний нормативною базою в цій області автор вважає, прийнятої Генасамблеєю ООН у вересні 2015 р резолюції «Перетворення нашого світу: Порядок денний в галузі сталого розвитку на період до 2030 р» мета №9, де пов’язано вдосконалення ІКТ зі стійким розвитком всієї світової спільноти . В умовах Четвертої промислової революція відбувається конвергенція технологій, яка розмиває кордони між фізичною, цифровою та біологічною сферами як у віртуальному просторі, так і в реальній практиці світовоївзаємодії. Відповідно розширюється і трансформується простір виконання державами зовнішньополітичних завдань у вирішенні проблем підтримки міжнародної інформаційної безпеки. У статті досліджується діяльність Групи урядових експертів ООН з інформаційної безпеки. Вперше описується дискурс загроз конвергенцій нано, біо, інфо та когнітивних технологій NBIC в політико-стратегічних і соціально-медійних напрямках.The article analyzes the problems of forming a mechanism for ensuring international information security in the context of globalization challenges and threats. The author argues that the problems of international information security have transformed from a purely technological to a military-political one and have become one of the key megatrends of world politics. It is rightly noted that the technological design allows to ensure the neutrality of Internet technologies that simultaneously unite many local networks. Emphasizing that the special danger here is the so-called ―network neutrality‖, which implies that providers are obliged to provide access to all users to all resources under equal conditions, block the traffic of a particular site or charge extra for increased access speed. It is noted that, given the intensive growth of the conflict potential in the world and the growing confrontation in the global information space, the risks of using information and communication technologies by international actors to achieve their geopolitical goals by manipulating public consciousness at the global level are increasing. The author considers the resolution ―Transforming our world:the Sustainable Development Agenda for the period up to 2030‖ as the main regulatory framework in this area in September 2015, which aims to improve ICT with the sustainable development of the entire global community. Under the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is a convergence of technologies that blurs the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological spheres both in the virtual space and in the actual practice of global interaction. Accordingly, the space for the fulfillment by states of foreign policy tasks in solving problems of maintaining international information security is expanding and transforming. The article explores the activities of the UN Group of Governmental Information Security Experts. For the first time, the discourse of threats to convergence of nano, bio, info and cognitive technologies of NBIC is described in political-strategic and social-media directions

Actual bovine tuberculosis situation in the Republic of Dagestan

Lack of statistical data and inconsistences in science and practice make it impossible to give at least approximate tuberculosis prevalence rates in the Republic of Dagestan. Every year the number of tuberculin reacting animals is increasing. For example out of 2,944 tested heifers of breeding age in 2014–2019, up to 30% of animals had positive reactions in tests. During this period out of 1,166 emergency slaughtered animals, tuberculosis was confirmed in 326 animals (28%). Bacteriological tests revealed 291 mycobacterium cultures, 107 out of them were Mycobacterium bovis, the other 184 cultures were identified as atypical ones. Based on the species differentiation of 58 cultures, 22 Group II cultures (according to Runyon classification) were isolated; 18 out of them belonged to Mycobacterium gordonae, 2 to Mycobacterium flavescens, and species of two cultures could not be identified. Four cultures of Group III were species of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Out of 32 cultures of Group IV, two belonged to Mycobacterium smegmatis, seven to Mycobacterium fortuitum and one to Mycobacterium phlei, 22 cultures were not identified. To elucidate the role of milk in tuberculosis epidemiology 82 samples of milk from reactors from two farms were tested. In the farm, where reactors were awaiting their removal for a long time, mycobacteria were detected in 20% of milk samples, whereas in the recently infected farm the detection rate was 4%, which suggests that long awaiting periods present high risks. Microscopic, conventional phenotypic and targeted biochemical tests indicate that pseudo-allergic reactions, revealed by tests, result from the atypical mycobacteria of the mentioned groups and species, which present in the animal organism, and seem to be responsible for the tuberculin sensibilization. Timely and comprehensive diagnostic and animal health measures will improve the situation

More on search for causes of sensitization to tuberculin PPD for mammals in cattle

Despite the large number of papers dealing with the description of proposed methods for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis and mechanisms of non-specific reaction development in diseased and healthy animals, various aspects require further study. Many specialists are still of the view, formulated when studying causes of pseudoallergic reactions, that the agents of actinomycosis, trematode infections etc. can cause sensitization of the animal body to tuberculin PPD for mammals. The possibility of sensitization of cattle body to Аctinomyces bovis tuberculin was studied in 240 animals identified as actinomycosis diseased among 3,473 tested animals. Only 11 (4.6%) of the total number of diseased animals were reactors to tuberculin PPD for mammals. During bacteriological tests of material from animals euthanized for diagnostic purposes (tuberculin reactors and nonreactors with a confirmed postmortem diagnosis of actinomycosis), acid-tolerant nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) cultures were isolated. The results of the experiment conducted in 628 cows of a dairy holding confirmed that Actinomyces bovis lacks tuberculin-associated allergenicity: actinomycosis was detected only in one of 96 (15.2%) tuberculin reactors. The conducted clinical tests with high significance level (Р < 0.005) showed that there is no association between allergic reaction to tuberculin PPD for mammals and actinomycosis infection. The obtained results are indicative of imperfections in differential diagnosis, and further studies in this field should significantly contribute to gaining a better insight into non-specific sensitization of cattle body to tuberculin

Explosive mud volcano eruptions and rafting of mud breccia blocks

Abstract Azerbaijan hosts the highest density of subaerial mud volcanoes on Earth. The morphologies characterizing these structures vary depending on their geological setting, frequency of eruption, and transport processes during the eruptions. Lokbatan is possibly the most active mud volcano on Earth exhibiting impressive bursting events every ∼5 years. These manifest with impressive gas flares that may reach more than 100 meters in height and the bursting of thousands of m3 of mud breccia resulting in spectacular mud flows that extend for more than 1.5 kilometres. Unlike other active mud volcanoes, to our knowledge Lokbatan never featured any visual evidence of enduring diffuse degassing (e.g., active pools and gryphons) at and near the central crater. Only a very small new-born gryphon was intermittently active in 2019 (with negligible flow). Gas flux measurements completed with a closed-chamber technique reveal extremely low values throughout the structure with average CH 4 = 1.36 tonnes yr−1 and CO 2 = 11.85 tonnes yr−1. We suggest that after eruptive events, the mud breccia is able to seal the structure preventing gas release and thereby promoting overpressure build-up in the subsurface. This self-sealing mechanism allows a fast recharge of Lokbatan resulting in more frequent and powerful explosive episodes. Our field observations reveal the presence of large (up to ∼50,000 m3) stratified blocks that were originally part of a large crater cone. These blocks were rafted >1 km from the vent on top of mud breccia flows. We use a model based on lubrication theory to show that it is reasonable to transport blocks this large and this far provided the underlying mud flow was thick enough and the blocks are large enough. The presence of large rafted blocks is not a unique phenomenon observed at Lokbatan mud volcano and is documented at other large-scale structures both onshore and offshore

Об одной задаче коинтеграции торговых связей Азербайджана, России, Беларуси и Казахстана

This article, based on annual data from 1994 to 2018, considers trade and economic processes between Azerbaijan, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan through the GDP integration indicators of Azerbaijan and foreign trade turnover with these countries.The purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to find cointegration relationships between the studied macroeconomic indicators and correct application of the vector model of error correction to describe the equilibrium relationship between the considered data of intercountry interaction and to develop sound economically informative recommendations in the sphere of intercountry trade and economic interaction.Materials and methodology. Official statistics of the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, scientific works of scientists-economists on the inter-country integration processes in the post-soviet region are used. Statistical methods of information processing are applied in relation to the empirical analysis of non-stationary time series of the studied statistical data, and correctly tested modern econometric methods and all the necessary econometric testing procedures are used to build co-integration relations and the vector model of error correction taking into account the effects of external shocks. All the calculations are made in Microsoft Excel and Eviews 8 application software packages.Results. The properties of applying the econometric methodology of studying the statistical relationship between multidimensional nonstationary time series are investigated. For this data, the authors' approach is to use the co-integration tool and the mechanism of vector error correction, which are practically not applicable by economists in Azerbaijan to date. A new specification of the model with respect to the logarithms of the source variables is defined. Based on the minimization of the mean square error, estimates of the model parameters are found. The Granger connection causality is investigated. The Johansen tests are implemented to find the cointegration area, after which the vector error correction model is built, which describes the long-term equilibrium relationship between the studied indicators and the path of returning to the equilibrium trajectory if it deviates from it. When modeling, we used all the necessary statistical procedures required to identify and evaluate the parameters of the model and verify its adequacy and the accuracy of short-term and long-term forecast values by applying Microsoft Excel and Eviews 8 tools.Conclusion. As a result of the study, econometrically sound recommendations are developed, which allow to conduct dynamic analyzes for effective state regulation of export-import operations between the four countries in order to balance the trade and improve the relevant inclusive parameters of the long-term sustainable development of these states.В данной статье по годовым данным с 1994 г. по 2018 г. торгово-экономические процессы между Азербайджаном, Россией, Беларусью и Казахстаном рассматриваются через показатели интегрированности ВВП Азербайджана, оборота внешней торговли с этими странами. Цель исследования.Целью исследования явлются нахождения коинтеграционных соотношений между изучаемыми макроэкономическими показателями, корректное применение векторной модели коррекции ошибок для описания равновесного соотношения между рассмотренными данными межстранового взаимодействия и выработки обоснованные экономически содержательные рекомендации в сфере межстранового торгово-экономического взаимодействия.Материалы и методология. Использованы официальные статистические данные Госкомстата Азербайджана, научные труды ученых-экономистов, посвященные межстрановым интеграционным процессам на постсоветском пространстве. Применены статистические методы обработки информаций, применительно к эмпирическому анализу нестационарных временных рядов изучаемых статистических данных, корректно использованы аппробированные современные эконометрические методы и все необходимые процедуры эконометрического тестирования для построения коинтеграционных соотношений и векторной модели коррекции ошибок с учетом воздействий внешних шоков. Все расчеты проводились в пакетах прикладных программ Microsoft Excel и Eviews 8.Результаты. Исследованы особенности применения эконометрической методологии изучения статистической взаимосвязи между многомерными нестационарными временными рядами. Для этих данных подход авторов состоит в применении коинтеграционного аппарата и механизма векторной коррекции ошибок, практические неприменяемые эконономистами в Азербайджане до настоящего времени. Определена новая спецификация модели относительно логарифмов исходных переменных. На основе минимизации среднеквадратической ошибки найдены оценки параметров модели. Исследованы причинности связи по Грэйнджеру. Реализованы тесты Йохансена для нахождения коинтеграционного пространства, после чего, построена векторная модель коррекции ошибок, описывающая долгосрочное равновесное соотношение между изучаемыми показателями и пути возвращения к равновесной траектории в случае отклонения от нее. При моделировании использовались все необходимые статистические процедуры, требуемые для идентификации и оценки параметров модели и проверки ее адекватности, точности краткосрочных и долгосрочных прогнозных значений с использованием инструментов Microsoft Excel и Eviews 8.Заключение. В результате проведенного исследования разработаны эконометрически обоснованные рекомендации, позволяющие провести динамические анализы для эффективного государственного регулирования экспортно-импортных операций между четырьмя странами для балансирования торговли и улучшения соответствующих инклюзивных параметров долгосрочного устойчивого развития этих государств

Влияние лецитина и казеина на спектр антимикробной активности бактериоцинов молочнокислых бактерий, изолированных из азербайджанских сыров

Изучено влияние лецитина и казеина на спектр антимикробной активности бактериоцинов, выделенных из штаммов Lactobacillus paracasei spp. paracasei BN ATS 8w, Enterococcus faecium А5 и Lactobacillus rhamnosus FAZ 16m. В качестве пассивной культуры использованы Lactobacillus bulgaricus 340, Listeria innocua СIP 80.11, Escherichia coli ATCC 23355, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 1.144. При исследуемых концентрациях лецитин и казеин отрицательно влияли на активность бактериоцинов. Эти факторы входят в состав большинства ферментированных продуктов

ОБ УПРАВЛЯЕМОСТИ ЛИНЕЙНЫХ СИНГУЛЯРНО ВОЗМУЩЕННЫХ СИСТЕМ С МАЛЫМ ЗАПАЗДЫВАНИЕМ

The problem of relative controllability for singular perturbed systems with a small delay is investigated in this work with the help of boundary layer functions. It has been obtained effective sufficient conditions of rank type of relative controllability on slow variable jc, on fast variable y, on variables’ population {x, y}, expressed by means of solutions to matrix defining equations. The paper shows the relation between conditions of relative controllability of the system under consideration and corresponding the degenerate system and the system of boundary layer.С помощью метода погранфункций исследуется проблема относительной управляемости сингулярно возмущенных систем с малым запаздыванием. Получены эффективные достаточные условия рангового типа относительной управляемости по медленной переменной х, по быстрой переменной у, по совокупности переменных {х, у}, выраженные через решения матричных определяющих уравнений. Указана связь условий относительной управляемости исследуемой системы и соответствующих вырожденной системы и системы пограничного слоя.