Investigation on Ceramic Membrane Based Filter Backwash Water Recycling

Filtration is the most important and essential process involved to the removal of suspended and colloidal matters, bacteria and other microorganisms in a conventional potable water treatment system. In general, sand media is used for this purpose and get clogged due to the suspended impurities present in water. This results in reduction of rate of filtration. To bring back the filtration to the original rate, nearly 1.42% of treated water is used for backwashing in Bangkhen water treatment plant in Thailand. This wastewater after backwashing is generally discharged without treatment to the nearby natural watercourses. Besides substantial water losses, such disposal causes physical, chemical and bacterial pollution of the water bodies. On the other hand this water requires proper treatment before dispose to the environment which consumes high cost. The increasing population results in increasing the water demand, has resulted in the thinking of utilizing every drop of water effectively. It is therefore desirable to utilize the large quantity of filter backwash water going down to the drain for recycling. This research was focused on develop a method for recycling the filter backwash water using ceramic membrane based pilot scale experiment for reduction of the pollutants exists in the filter backwash waters. Ceramic micro filters (CMF) have the higher potential for removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia exists in natural water sources which are concentrated in filer backwash waters. The experiment confirmed high removal for colour, turbidity, iron, manganese and aluminium for 0.1 and 1µm membranes. In terms of bacteria removal the filtrate received from 0.1 µm membrane showed 100% removal for coliform and E.coli, however the 1µm membrane filtrate contains significant amount of coliform and E.coli organisms. In addition the CMF system showed the high water recovery lead to minimize the wastewater volume for sludge dewatering process

Effectiveness of Porous Concrete Pavements in Removing Total Suspended Solids from Urban Stormwater Runoff

This study investigates the effectiveness of total suspended solids removal in porous concrete pavement (PCP) with only changing aggregate size of the mix design and the thicknesses of the pervious concrete pavement specimen. The study used two different aggregate sizes, 10 ~ 14, and 14 ~ 19 mm, with a third mix percentage consisting of 50% of both aggregate sizes. Water content was maintained low in the mix designs since it influenced the porosity of the concrete and the water flow rate after solidifying the concrete. Slump tests were done to find the workability and all 3 mix designs’ slump was near zero, and casted cubes were used to determine the compressive strength of each mix design. The results revealed that aggregate size had a direct impact on compressive strength, with smaller aggregate mix designs having higher strength. The study validated PCP’s filtration properties as well as the percentage removal of total suspended solids. The removal efficiency was found to increase with the thickness of the PCP and the use of smaller aggregate sizes. Also, data revealed that where higher porosity facilitates improved filtration and reduces Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in storm water runoff. Furthermore, Infiltration data shows, where higher TSS Reduction Efficiency is associated with improved infiltration capacity, effectively mitigating the impact of stormwater runoff on water quality. According to the study, PCP is a better alternative for stormwater management systems and may be utilized for harvesting and cleaning purposes as non-portable water. The findings of this study might assist in determining the individual performance of each porous concrete pavement type and encourage wider use of these pavements to reduce the need for impermeable surfaces for stormwater management

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Utilization of Crash Cart Trolley among III-B.Sc. Nursing Students at Selected College Villupuram

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding utilization of crash cart trolley among III -B.Sc Nursing students at selected college, Villupuram Objectives: To assess the knowledge on utilization of crash cart trolley among III-year, B.Sc [N] students. To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding utilization of crash cart trolley among III year, B.Sc [N] students. To find the association between the post-test knowledge regarding utilization of crash cart trolley among III year, B.Sc [N] students with their selected socio-demographic variables. Methodology: A Pre experimental design with pre-test and post-test without control group was undertaken from E.S College of nursing. The population of the study consists of B.Sc (N) III Year students at E.S. College of nursing. Results: The structured questionnaire was used to computed the data. The statistics shows the following results. Level of knowledge in pre-test 80% of students having inadequate knowledge, 20% of students having moderate knowledge, 0% of students having adequate knowledge. Level of knowledge in post-test 0% of students having inadequate knowledge, 10% of students having moderate knowledge, 90% of students having adequate knowledge. There was significant with gender and source of information. There was no association between age, previous academic year percentage, previous exposure to crash cart trolley. Conclusion: The present study assessed the knowledge regarding crash cart trolley in pre-test. After providing structured teaching programme on utilization of crash cart trolley there is a significant improvement on knowledge of students regarding crash cart trolley. The study assessed the knowledge among students and they are gained in knowledge about crash cart trolley. The study concluded that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving in the knowledge regarding crash cart trolley. Keywords: Utilization of Crash Cart Trolley</jats:p

Conservation and divergence among Salmonella enterica subspecies

Genome sequencing efforts of taxonomically proximate organisms successfully divulged proteomic diversity embedded within closely related organisms. The Salmonella enterica subspecies represents a group of enterobacteric pathogens known to share similar genomic content yet possess diverse host specificity and distinct disease symptoms. Study of Salmonella enterica subspecies proteomes reports an overestimation of the proximity among the subspecies. Interestingly, orthology comparison among Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium across the proteome suggested the metabolic proteins possessed the highest propensity of the divergence, while proteins involved in environment information processing and genetic information processing are least susceptible to evolution. Consistent with earlier reports, transporter proteins and transcription factors are the most populated protein families in the Salmonellae. Several of the unique domains present in Salmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium genomes were introduced into the genome through phage invasion and eventually selected. Redundancy and divergence is observed among the metabolic pathway proteins. Though complying with essentiality of their function, the metabolic proteins possess the highest propensity of sampling sequence space for imbibing new function. The detailed cross-genome analysis of the subspecies provides an understanding of diversity and unique attributes defined in the individual Salmonella enterica genomes