On the exchange of intersection and supremum of sigma-fields in filtering theory

We construct a stationary Markov process with trivial tail sigma-field and a nondegenerate observation process such that the corresponding nonlinear filtering process is not uniquely ergodic. This settles in the negative a conjecture of the author in the ergodic theory of nonlinear filters arising from an erroneous proof in the classic paper of H. Kunita (1971), wherein an exchange of intersection and supremum of sigma-fields is taken for granted.Comment: 20 page

Update on Membranoproliferative GN

Membranoproliferative GN represents a pattern of injury seen on light microscopy. Historically, findings on electron microscopy have been used to further subclassify this pathologic entity. Recent advances in understanding of the underlying pathobiology have led to a proposed classification scheme based on immunofluorescence findings. Dysregulation of the complement system has been shown to be a major risk factor for the development of a membranoproliferative GN pattern of injury on kidney biopsy. Evaluation and treatment of this complex disorder rest on defining the underlying mechanisms

On the Banach lattice structure of L-w(1) of a vector measure on a delta-ring

We study some Banach lattice properties of the space L-w(1)(v) of weakly integrable functions with respect to a vector measure v defined on a delta-ring. Namely, we analyze order continuity, order density and Fatou type properties. We will see that the behavior of L-w(1)(v) differs from the case in which is defined on a sigma-algebra whenever does not satisfy certain local sigma-finiteness property.J. M. Calabuig and M. A. Juan were supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (project MTM2008-04594). O. Delgado was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (project MTM2009-12740-C03-02). E. A. Sanchez Perez was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (project MTM2009-14483-C02-02).Calabuig Rodriguez, JM.; Delgado Garrido, O.; Juan Blanco, MA.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2014). On the Banach lattice structure of L-w(1) of a vector measure on a delta-ring. Collectanea Mathematica. 65(1):67-85. doi:10.1007/s13348-013-0081-8S6785651Brooks, J.K., Dinculeanu, N.: Strong additivity, absolute continuity and compactness in spaces of measures. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 45, 156–175 (1974)Calabuig, J.M., Delgado, O., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Factorizing operators on Banach function spaces through spaces of multiplication operators. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 364, 88–103 (2010)Calabuig, J.M., Juan, M.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Spaces of $$p$$ -integrable functions with respect to a vector measure defined on a $$\delta$$ -ring. Oper. Matrices 6, 241–262 (2012)Curbera, G.P.: El espacio de funciones integrables respecto de una medida vectorial. Ph. D. thesis, University of Sevilla, Sevilla (1992)Curbera, G.P.: Operators into $$L^1$$ of a vector measure and applications to Banach lattices. Math. Ann. 293, 317–330 (1992)Curbera, G.P., Ricker, W.J.: Banach lattices with the Fatou property and optimal domains of kernel operators. Indag. Math. (N.S.) 17, 187–204 (2006)G. P. Curbera and W. J. Ricker, Vector measures, integration and applications. In: Positivity (in Trends Math.), Birkhäuser, Basel, pp. 127–160 (2007)Curbera, G.P., Ricker, W.J.: The Fatou property in $$p$$ -convex Banach lattices. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 328, 287–294 (2007)Delgado, O.: $$L^1$$ -spaces of vector measures defined on $$\delta$$ -rings. Arch. Math. 84, 432–443 (2005)Delgado, O.: Optimal domains for kernel operators on $$[0,\infty )\times [0,\infty )$$ . Studia Math. 174, 131–145 (2006)Delgado, O., Soria, J.: Optimal domain for the Hardy operator. J. Funct. Anal. 244, 119–133 (2007)Delgado, O., Juan, M.A.: Representation of Banach lattices as $$L_w^1$$ spaces of a vector measure defined on a $$\delta$$ -ring. Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. Simon Stevin 19(2), 239–256 (2012)Diestel, J., Uhl, J.J.: Vector measures (Am. Math. Soc. surveys 15). American Mathematical Society, Providence (1997)Dinculeanu, N.: Vector measures, Hochschulbcher fr Mathematik, vol. 64. VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin (1966)Fernández, A., Mayoral, F., Naranjo, F., Sáez, C., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Spaces of $$p$$ -integrable functions with respect to a vector measure. Positivity 10, 1–16 (2006)Fremlin, D.H.: Measure theory, broad foundations, vol. 2. Torres Fremlin, Colchester (2001)Jiménez Fernández, E., Juan, M.A., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: A Komlós theorem for abstract Banach lattices of measurable functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 383, 130–136 (2011)Lewis, D.R.: On integrability and summability in vector spaces. Ill. J. Math. 16, 294–307 (1972)Lindenstrauss, J., Tzafriri, L.: Classical Banach spaces II. Springer, Berlin (1979)Luxemburg, W.A.J., Zaanen, A.C.: Riesz spaces I. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1971)Masani, P.R., Niemi, H.: The integration theory of Banach space valued measures and the Tonelli-Fubini theorems. I. Scalar-valued measures on $$\delta$$ -rings. Adv. Math. 73, 204–241 (1989)Masani, P.R., Niemi, H.: The integration theory of Banach space valued measures and the Tonelli-Fubini theorems. II. Pettis integration. Adv. Math. 75, 121–167 (1989)Thomas, E.G.F.: Vector integration (unpublished) (2013)Turpin, Ph.: Intégration par rapport à une mesure à valeurs dans un espace vectoriel topologique non supposé localement convexe, Intègration vectorielle et multivoque, (Colloq., University Caen, Caen, 1975), experiment no. 8, Dèp. Math., UER Sci., University Caen, Caen (1975)Okada, S., Ricker, W.J., Sánchez Pérez, E.A.: Optimal domain and integral extension of operators acting in function spaces (Oper. Theory Adv. Appl.), vol. 180. Birkhäuser, Basel (2008)Zaanen, A.C.: Riesz spaces II. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1983

New high precision orbital and physical parameters of the double-lined low-mass spectroscopic binary BY Draconis

We present the most precise to date orbital and physical parameters of the well known short period (P=5.975 d), eccentric (e=0.3) double-lined spectroscopic binary BY Draconis, a prototype of a class of late-type, active, spotted flare stars. We calculate the full spectroscopic/astrometric orbital solution by combining our precise radial velocities (RVs) and the archival astrometric measurements from the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI). The RVs were derived based on the high resolution echelle spectra taken between 2004 and 2008 with the Keck I/HIRES, Shane/CAT/HamSpec and TNG/SARG telescopes/spectrographs using our novel iodine-cell technique for double-lined binary stars. The RVs and available PTI astrometric data spanning over 8 years allow us to reach 0.2-0.5% level of precision in M sin3(i) and the parallax but the geometry of the orbit (i=154 deg) hampers the absolute mass precision to 3.3%, which is still an order of magnitude better than for previous studies. We compare our results with a set of Yonsei-Yale theoretical stellar isochrones and conclude that BY Dra is probably a main sequence system more metal-rich than the Sun. Using the orbital inclination and the available rotational velocities of the components, we also conclude that the rotational axes of the components are likely misaligned with the orbital angular momentum. Given BY Dra's main sequence status, late spectral type and the relatively short orbital period, its high orbital eccentricity and probable spin-orbit misalignment are not in agreement with the tidal theory. This disagreement may possibly be explained by smaller rotational velocities of the components and the presence of a substellar mass companion to BY Dra AB.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, to appear in MNRA

A patient-centred model to quality assure outputs from an echocardiography department: consensus guidance from the British Society of Echocardiography

Background: Quality assurance (QA) of echocardiographic studies is vital to ensure that clinicians can act on findings of high quality to deliver excellent patient care. To date, there is a paucity of published guidance on how to perform this QA. The British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) has previously produced an Echocardiography Quality Framework (EQF) to assist departments with their QA processes. This article expands on the EQF with a structured yet versatile approach on how to analyse echocardiographic departments to ensure high-quality standards are met. In addition, a process is detailed for departments that are seeking to demonstrate to external bodies adherence to a robust QA process. Methods: The EQF consists of four domains. These include assessment of Echo Quality (including study acquisition and report generation); Reproducibility & Consistency (including analysis of individual variability when compared to the group and focused clinical audit), Education & Training (for all providers and service users) and Customer & Staff Satisfaction (of both service users and patients/their carers). Examples of what could be done in each of these areas are presented. Furthermore, evidence of participation in each domain is categorised against a red, amber or green rating: with an amber or green rating signifying that a quantifiable level of engagement in that aspect of QA has been achieved. Conclusion: The proposed EQF is a powerful tool that focuses the limited time available for departmental QA on areas of practice where a change in patient experience or outcome is most likely to occur

Required muscle mass for preventing lifestyle-related diseases in Japanese women

Research articl

Maurey-Rosenthal domination for abstract Banach lattices

We extend the Maurey-Rosenthal theorem on integral domination and factorization of p-concave operators from a p-convex Banach function space through Lp-spaces for the case of operators on abstract p-convex Banach lattices satisfying some essential lattice requirements - mainly order density of its order continuous part - that are shown to be necessary. We prove that these geometric properties can be characterized by means of an integral inequality giving a domination of the pointwise evaluation of the operator for a suitable weight also in the case of abstract Banach lattices. We obtain in this way what in a sense can be considered the most general factorization theorem of operators through Lp-spaces. In order to do this, we prove a new representation theorem for abstract p-convex Banach lattices with the Fatou property as spaces of p-integrable functions with respect to a vector measure.The authors are supported by grants MTM2011-23164 and MTM2012-36740-C02-02 of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Spain).Juan Blanco, MA.; Sánchez Pérez, EA. (2013). Maurey-Rosenthal domination for abstract Banach lattices. Journal of Inequalities and Applications. (213). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-213S213Defant A: Variants of the Maurey-Rosenthal theorem for quasi Köthe function spaces. Positivity 2001, 5: 153–175. 10.1023/A:1011466509838Defant A, Sánchez Pérez EA: Maurey-Rosenthal factorization of positive operators and convexity. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2004, 297: 771–790. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.04.047Defant A, Sánchez Pérez EA: Domination of operators on function spaces. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2009, 146: 57–66. 10.1017/S0305004108001734Fernández A, Mayoral F, Naranjo F, Sáez C, Sánchez-Pérez EA: Vector measure Maurey-Rosenthal type factorizations and l -sums of L 1 -spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 2005, 220: 460–485. 10.1016/j.jfa.2004.06.010Palazuelos C, Sánchez Pérez EA, Tradacete P: Maurey-Rosenthal factorization for p -summing operators and Dodds-Fremlin domination. J. Oper. Theory 2012, 68(1):205–222.Luxemburg WAJ, Zaanen AC: Riesz Spaces I. North-Holland, Amsterdam; 1971.Zaanen AC: Riesz Spaces II. North-Holland, Amsterdam; 1983.Lindenstrauss J, Tzafriri L: Classical Banach Spaces II. Springer, Berlin; 1979.Aliprantis CD, Burkinshaw O: Positive Operators. Academic Press, New York; 1985.Curbera GP, Ricker WJ: Vector measures, integration and applications. Trends Math. In Positivity. Birkhäuser, Basel; 2007:127–160.Okada S, Ricker WJ, Sánchez Pérez EA: Optimal domains and integral extensions of operators acting in function spaces. 180. In Operator Theory Advances and Applications. Birkhäuser, Basel; 2008.Delgado O: L 1 -spaces of vector measures defined on δ -rings. Arch. Math. 2005, 84: 432–443. 10.1007/s00013-005-1128-1Calabuig, JM, Delgado, O, Juan, MA, Sánchez Pérez, EA: On the Banach lattice structure of L w 1 of a vector measure on a δ-ring. Collect. Math. doi:10.1007/s13348–013–0081–8Calabuig JM, Delgado O, Sánchez Pérez EA: Factorizing operators on Banach function spaces through spaces of multiplication operators. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2010, 364: 88–103. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.10.034Delgado O:Optimal domains for kernel operators on [ 0 , ∞ ) × [ 0 , ∞ ) .Stud. Math. 2006, 174: 131–145. 10.4064/sm174-2-2Delgado O, Soria J: Optimal domain for the Hardy operator. J. Funct. Anal. 2007, 244: 119–133. 10.1016/j.jfa.2006.12.011Jiménez Fernández E, Juan MA, Sánchez Pérez EA: A Komlós theorem for abstract Banach lattices of measurable functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2011, 383: 130–136. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2011.05.010Curbera, GP: El espacio de funciones integrables respecto de una medida vectorial. PhD thesis, Univ. of Sevilla (1992)Sánchez Pérez EA: Compactness arguments for spaces of p -integrable functions with respect to a vector measure and factorization of operators through Lebesgue-Bochner spaces. Ill. J. Math. 2001, 45(3):907–923.Fernández A, Mayoral F, Naranjo F, Sáez C, Sánchez-Pérez EA: Spaces of p -integrable functions with respect to a vector measure. Positivity 2006, 10: 1–16. 10.1007/s11117-005-0016-zCalabuig JM, Juan MA, Sánchez Pérez EA: Spaces of p -integrable functions with respect to a vector measure defined on a δ -ring. Oper. Matrices 2012, 6: 241–262.Lewis DR: On integrability and summability in vector spaces. Ill. J. Math. 1972, 16: 294–307.Masani PR, Niemi H: The integration theory of Banach space valued measures and the Tonelli-Fubini theorems. I. Scalar-valued measures on δ -rings. Adv. Math. 1989, 73: 204–241. 10.1016/0001-8708(89)90069-8Masani PR, Niemi H: The integration theory of Banach space valued measures and the Tonelli-Fubini theorems. II. Pettis integration. Adv. Math. 1989, 75: 121–167. 10.1016/0001-8708(89)90035-2Brooks JK, Dinculeanu N: Strong additivity, absolute continuity and compactness in spaces of measures. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1974, 45: 156–175. 10.1016/0022-247X(74)90130-9Curbera GP:Operators into L 1 of a vector measure and applications to Banach lattices.Math. Ann. 1992, 293: 317–330. 10.1007/BF01444717Delgado O, Juan MA: Representation of Banach lattices as L w 1 spaces of a vector measure defined on a δ -ring. Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. Simon Stevin 2012, 19: 239–256.Curbera GP, Ricker WJ: Banach lattices with the Fatou property and optimal domains of kernel operators. Indag. Math. 2006, 17: 187–204. 10.1016/S0019-3577(06)80015-7Curbera GP, Ricker WJ: The Fatou property in p -convex Banach lattices. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2007, 328: 287–294. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.04.086Aliprantis CD, Border KC: Infinite Dimensional Analysis. Springer, Berlin; 1999.Delgado, O: Optimal extension for positive order continuous operators on Banach function spaces. Glasg. Math. J. (to appear

Generating and repairing genetically programmed DNA breaks during immunoglobulin class switch recombination

Adaptive immune responses require the generation of a diverse repertoire of immunoglobulins (Igs) that can recognize and neutralize a seemingly infinite number of antigens. V(D)J recombination creates the primary Ig repertoire, which subsequently is modified by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). SHM promotes Ig affinity maturation whereas CSR alters the effector function of the Ig. Both SHM and CSR require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to produce dU:dG mismatches in the Ig locus that are transformed into untemplated mutations in variable coding segments during SHM or DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in switch regions during CSR. Within the Ig locus, DNA repair pathways are diverted from their canonical role in maintaining genomic integrity to permit AID-directed mutation and deletion of gene coding segments. Recently identified proteins, genes, and regulatory networks have provided new insights into the temporally and spatially coordinated molecular interactions that control the formation and repair of DSBs within the Ig locus. Unravelling the genetic program that allows B cells to selectively alter the Ig coding regions while protecting non-Ig genes from DNA damage advances our understanding of the molecular processes that maintain genomic integrity as well as humoral immunity

Balancing with Vibration: A Prelude for “Drift and Act” Balance Control

Stick balancing at the fingertip is a powerful paradigm for the study of the control of human balance. Here we show that the mean stick balancing time is increased by about two-fold when a subject stands on a vibrating platform that produces vertical vibrations at the fingertip (0.001 m, 15–50 Hz). High speed motion capture measurements in three dimensions demonstrate that vibration does not shorten the neural latency for stick balancing or change the distribution of the changes in speed made by the fingertip during stick balancing, but does decrease the amplitude of the fluctuations in the relative positions of the fingertip and the tip of the stick in the horizontal plane, A(x,y). The findings are interpreted in terms of a time-delayed “drift and act” control mechanism in which controlling movements are made only when controlled variables exceed a threshold, i.e. the stick survival time measures the time to cross a threshold. The amplitude of the oscillations produced by this mechanism can be decreased by parametric excitation. It is shown that a plot of the logarithm of the vibration-induced increase in stick balancing skill, a measure of the mean first passage time, versus the standard deviation of the A(x,y) fluctuations, a measure of the distance to the threshold, is linear as expected for the times to cross a threshold in a stochastic dynamical system. These observations suggest that the balanced state represents a complex time–dependent state which is situated in a basin of attraction that is of the same order of size. The fact that vibration amplitude can benefit balance control raises the possibility of minimizing risk of falling through appropriate changes in the design of footwear and roughness of the walking surfaces