A meiotic mystery in experimental hybrids of the eastern mole vole (Ellobius tancrei, Mammalia, Rodentia)

Chromosomal rearrangements can lead to the formation of new stable karyotypes, nevertheless changing the architectonics of the nucleus. The differences in locations might promote Robertsonian (Rb) translocations and encourage meiotic drive in favour of changed chromosomes or against them. We hypothesized that hybridization and meiotic drive may produce new chromosomal forms in Ellobius tancrei. We crossed two forms with 2n = 50, and two pairs of different Rb metacentrics with partial (monobrachial) homology. In 10 years of inbred crossings (sister – brother), we got 9 generations of hybrids (262 litters, 578 animals). In the first hybrid generation, two trivalents, a tetravalent and 20 bivalents were revealed at meiotic prophase I. Hybrids of the first generation had lower fertility, fertility increased starting from the third generation. Instead of returning to parental karyotypes, starting from the second generation, hybrids obtained new chromosome sets, with different 2n (48, 49, 51, 52) and combinations of Rb metacentrics. Analysis of F4, F7 and F9 hybrids revealed that synapsis of homologous parts take place despite the presence of heterozygotes and monobrachial homology of Rb metacentrics. The most common meiotic disturbance was delayed synapsis, which resumed later compared to the homologous crossings. The late synaptic adjustments nevertheless provide a proper segregation of chromosomes and normal sets in the gametes. Therefore, some cells pass through meiosis successfully and promote viable gametes. We proved the hypothesis that origin of monobrachially homologous Rb translocations may lead to divergence in several generations, due to meiotic drive

African Development Bank: Impact on economic growth

The article examines the impact of the African Development Bank (AfDB) on economic growth. The main activity of the Bank is connected with the projects that create new assets and directly affect the economy.  The large amount of total assets of all Development Banks in the world, the significant annual amount of financing they provide determine their importance for the global economy. The author concludes that economic growth is associated with the use of five strategic programs: &amp;quot;Feed Africa&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Give energy and power to Africa&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Develop the industrialization of Africa&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Integrate Africa&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Ensure an improvement in the quality of life for Africans&amp;quot;.  The Bank uses strategies for cooperation with African countries, planning and implementing projects under these strategic programs. As a result, new jobs are being created, agricultural productivity is increasing, and the infrastructure of African countries is developing.  The effectiveness of the AfDB&amp;apos;s activities is related to the multi-level evaluation system it uses, which allows assessing the dynamics of development in Africa as a whole, its contribution to the successful implementation of all planned and accepted operations, the quality of these operations and the effectiveness of the Bank as an organization. This system allows qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the completed projects, the achievement of the set economic and social goals, provides information for the preparation and implementation of corrective control actions. The AfDB links the inclusiveness of economic growth with the emergence of positive consequences for a significant part of the population of African countries with the growth of GDP (an increase in the share of GDP per citizen).</jats:p

Raw data (qualitative analysis: CDK2-, BRCA1-immunoprofiles)

Here are the results of a qualitative analysis of CDK2 and BRCA1 distribution along sex chromosome

Raw data (qualitative analysis: CDK2-, BRCA1-immunoprofiles)

Here are the results of a qualitative analysis of CDK2 and BRCA1 distribution along sex chromosome