The risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection from the administration of different classes of antibiotics and their combinations to children in an oncological hospital

Patients in pediatric oncological hospitals are at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in patients who are treated with antibiotics of different classes and their combinations by way of a retrospective analysis of 122 patient records. It was shown that the administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs that belong to the classes of nitrofurans (enterofuryl), sulfonamides (biseptol), cephalosporins, and macrolides/azalides significantly increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. On the contrary, treatment with antibiotics of different classes, such as linezolid, colistin, and metronidazole, significantly reduced the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The use of penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems was not associated with the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. The administration of one or two antimicrobial drugs of different classes increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection while a combination of three different types of antimicrobial drugs lowered the rate of this infection in pediatric patients.Patients in pediatric oncological hospitals are at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in patients who are treated with antibiotics of different classes and their combinations by way of a retrospective analysis of 122 patient records. It was shown that the administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs that belong to the classes of nitrofurans (enterofuryl), sulfonamides (biseptol), cephalosporins, and macrolides/azalides significantly increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. On the contrary, treatment with antibiotics of different classes, such as linezolid, colistin, and metronidazole, significantly reduced the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The use of penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems was not associated with the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. The administration of one or two antimicrobial drugs of different classes increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection while a combination of three different types of antimicrobial drugs lowered the rate of this infection in pediatric patients

Calculation of airflow speed from a turbine with an integrated Laval nozzle at the outlet for metal coating by cold spraying method

The goal of this work was to test the practicability of using a device that provides airflow into the Laval nozzle channel to enable the application of metal coating by cold spraying. A turbine with an integrated Laval nozzle at the outlet was considered as a device to provide airflow into the Laval nozzle channel. The authors describe the equipment used in the calculations and the experimental study, the process of gas- dynamic calculation of the output velocity of the airflow injected by the turbine impeller and the results of this calculation with precise indices. As a result, functional dependences of the indicators that provide the possibility of using the turbine as a source of airflow have been obtained, and a conclusion about the inexpediency of using a turbine with an integrated Laval nozzle at the outlet to provide the possibility of metal coating by cold spraying has been formed

Solving the issue of ensuring the alignment of two intersecting metal wires using a test bench for a metal spraying as an example

In this work, the task was to ensure the alignment of two intersecting metal wires to maintain the welding arc at all times. This need arose as a result of an experiment in cold spray metal plating. It revealed a problem that does not allow maintaining a constant spraying process: the welding arc was unstable, because it did not ensure constant contact of differently charged metal wires. A description of the equipment used in the experiment (including both a real prototype and a three-dimensional model) and modifications of the existing mechanism to solve the identified problem is given. Also presented a general view of the modified design, as well as a separated three dimensional model to show the fundamental design changes. As a result, a modified model of the housing, where the welding nozzles are located, has been developed. It is capable to ensure the adjustment of the welding nozzle position and, accordingly, to guarantee constant alignment of the two intersecting metal wires

Clostridium difficile инфекции у пациентов детского онкологического стационара: проблемы культивирования анаэробной кишечной флоры и лечения

In recent years, the number of infectious diseases caused by Clostridium difficile in the world has grown with a significant increase in relapses and mortality in patients, particularly among the cancer patients in hospitals. There is also observed an increase in the resistance of Clostridium difficile to the first-line drugs, namely metronidazole and vancomycin, which makes the search for new methods of treatment and prevention of this infection even more urgent. In this review, we analyze the recent data on the methods of cultivation and isolation of the pure bacterial culture of Clostridium difficile and other anaerobic enteropathogens over the course of enterocolitis treatment with antimicrobial drugs in pediatric patients with oncopathology. Novel approaches to the therapy of this infection are discussed. В последние годы в мире наблюдается рост числа инфекционных заболеваний, вызванных Clostridium difficile со значительным увеличением рецидивов и смертности, в том числе среди онкологических больных – пациентов стационаров. Отмечается также рост резистентности Clostridium difficile к препаратам первой линии терапии, а именно к метронидазолу и ванкомицину, что делает актуальным поиск новых методов лечения и профилактики данной инфекции. Мы проанализировали данные последних лет по методам культивирования Clostridium difficile, связанные с получением чистой культуры Clostridium difficile и других анаэробных энтеропатогенов при энтероколитах у детей с онкопатологией на фоне приема антимикробных препаратов, а также современные подходы к терапии данной инфекции.

Protestant women in the late Soviet era: gender, authority, and dissent

At the peak of the anti-religious campaigns under Nikita Khrushchev, communist propaganda depicted women believers as either naïve dupes, tricked by the clergy, or as depraved fanatics; the Protestant “sektantka” (female sectarian) was a particularly prominent folk-devil. In fact, as this article shows, women’s position within Protestant communities was far more complex than either of these mythical figures would have one believe. The authors explore four important, but contested, female roles: women as leaders of worship, particularly in remote congregations where female believers vastly outnumbered their male counterparts; women as unofficial prophetesses, primarily within Pentecostal groups; women as mothers, replenishing congregations through high birth rates and commitment to their children’s religious upbringing; and women as political actors in the defence of religious rights. Using a wide range of sources, which include reports written by state officials, articles in the church journal, letters from church members to their ecclesiastical leaders in Moscow, samizdat texts, and oral history accounts, the authors probe women’s relationship with authority, in terms of both the authority of the (male) ministry within the church, and the authority of the Soviet state

Fine-grain concrete from mining waste for monolithic construction

Fine-grain concrete from mining waste for monolithic construction / R. V. Lesovik [et al.] // IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. - 2018. - Vol.327. - 032028.The technology of a monolithic construction is a well-established practice among most Russian real estate developers. The strong points of the technology are low cost of materials and lower demand for qualified workers. The monolithic construction uses various types of reinforced slabs and foamed concrete, since they are easy to use and highly durable; they also need practically no additional treatment

Subsurface disorder and electro-optical properties of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides produced by different techniques

It has been established, that proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides have a marked subsurface layer with structural disorder inducing degradation of electro-optical properties of these waveguides. At the same time, such a subsurface disorder is found to be less pronounced in soft proton-exchanged (SPE) waveguides in comparison with annealed proton-exchanged (APE) ones. The experimental samples of phase modulators fabricated by SPE technique exhibit a better electro-optical efficiency compared to the LiNbO3 modulators produced by the standard and improved APE techniques

Госпитальная инфекция в онкоурологии

Hospital-acquired (nosocomial, intrahospital) infections are a principal cause of severe complications and death in cancer diseases in the postoperative period. A current infection-controlling system that notifies all cases of nosocomial infections in the patients of the hospital, including those with urinary tract cancer, has been in existence in Moscow City Cancer Hospital Sixty-Two since 2001. The paper presents the data of the authors' own follow-ups (in 2005—2006), which reflect the incidence of postoperative nosocomial urinary tract infections (PNUTI) in urological cancer patients depending on the site of a tumor, the scope of surgical intervention, the etiological agents of PNUTI, and their susceptibility to antibiotics. By using the results of the study, the authors have developed and proposed algorithms of efficient antibiotic therapy for PNUTI in patients with cancer of the kidney, urinary bladder, and prostate.

Риск развития Clostridium difficile инфекции, связанный с применением различных групп антибиотиков и их сочетаний, у детей в онкологическом стационаре

Patients in pediatric oncological hospitals are at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in patients who are treated with antibiotics of different classes and their combinations by way of a retrospective analysis of 122 patient records. It was shown that the administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs that belong to the classes of nitrofurans (enterofuryl), sulfonamides (biseptol), cephalosporins, and macrolides/azalides significantly increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. On the contrary, treatment with antibiotics of different classes, such as linezolid, colistin, and metronidazole, significantly reduced the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The use of penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems was not associated with the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. The administration of one or two antimicrobial drugs of different classes increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection while a combination of three different types of antimicrobial drugs lowered the rate of this infection in pediatric patients.Пациенты детского онкологического стационара находятся в группе риска развития Clostridium difficile инфекции. Цель данного исследования состояла в определении степени риска развития Clostridium difficile инфекции в детском онкологическом стационаре при применении различных групп антибиотиков и их сочетаний. В результате было показано, что применение антибактериальных химиотерапевтических препаратов, принадлежащих к группам нитрофуранов (энтерофурил), сульфаниламидов (бисептол), цефалоспоринов и макролидов/азалидов, достоверно повышало риск развития Clostridium difficile инфекции у детей – пациентов стационара. Применение таких антибиотиков, как линезолид, колистин и метронидазол, достоверно снижало риск развития Clostridium difficile инфекции. Применение пенициллинов, аминогликозидов, фторхинолонов, гликопептидов, карбопенемов не было связано с риском развития Clostridium difficile инфекции у детей, находящихся на лечении в онкологическом стационаре. Применение одного или двух антибактериальных химиотерапевтических препаратов, принадлежащих к разным группам, увеличивало риск развития Clostridium difficile инфекции по сравнению с применением препаратов трех групп