Educating for Autonomy: Liberalism and Autonomy in the Capabilities Approach

Martha Nussbaum grounds her version of the capabilities approach in political liberalism. In this paper, we argue that the capabilities approach, insofar as it genuinely values the things that persons can actually do and be, must be grounded in a hybrid account of liberalism: in order to show respect for adults, its justification must be political; in order to show respect for children, however, its implementation must include a commitment to comprehensive autonomy, one that ensures that children develop the skills necessary to make meaningful choices about whether or not to exercise their basic capabilities. Importantly, in order to show respect for parents who do not necessarily recognize autonomy as a value, we argue that the liberal state, via its system of public education, should take on the role of ensuring that all children within the state develop a sufficient degree of autonomy

Expanding the Taxonomy of (Mis-)Recognition in the Economic Sphere

This paper makes a contribution to debates in recognition theory by expanding the taxonomy of (mis-)recognition in the economic sphere. We argue that doing justice to the variety of ways in which recognition is engaged in economic relationships requires: (1) to take into consideration not just the recognition principle of esteem, but also (various aspects of) need and respect; (2) to distinguish a productive from a consumptive dimension with regards to each principle of recognition (need, esteem and respect); (3) and to identify the specific economic relationship at stake (e.g. between consumers and producers, or between employers and employees). In this way, we can account for the diversity of demands for recognition made in the economic sphere, explain what underpins them, and bring structure into these diverse phenomena. What is more, our expanded taxonomy is a useful tool for social pathology theorists. They have to appreciate the full range of variants of misrecognition when diagnosing pathologies of misrecognition in the economic sphere

Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) Differentiate into Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) by Activation of Wnt5/Calmodulin Signalling Pathway

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) remain poorly characterized because of the absence of manifest physical, phenotypic, and functional properties in cultured cell populations. Despite considerable research on MSCs and their clinical application, the biology of these cells is not fully clarified and data on signalling activation during mesenchymal differentiation and proliferation are controversial. The role of Wnt pathways is still debated, partly due to culture heterogeneity and methodological inconsistencies. Recently, we described a new bone marrow cell population isolated from MSC cultures that we named Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) for their mesenchymal and endothelial differentiation potential. An optimized culture method allowed the isolation from human adult bone marrow of a highly pure population of MPCs (more than 97%), that showed the distinctive SSEA-4+CD105+CD90(neg) phenotype and not expressing MSCA-1 antigen. Under these selective culture conditions the percentage of MSCs (SSEA-4(neg)CD105+CD90(bright) and MSCA-1+), in the primary cultures, resulted lower than 2%.We demonstrate that MPCs differentiate to MSCs through an SSEA-4+CD105+CD90(bright) early intermediate precursor. Differentiation paralleled the activation of Wnt5/Calmodulin signalling by autocrine/paracrine intense secretion of Wnt5a and Wnt5b (p<0.05 vs uncondictioned media), which was later silenced in late MSCs (SSEA-4(neg)). We found the inhibition of this pathway by calmidazolium chloride specifically blocked mesenchymal induction (ID₅₀ =  0.5 µM, p<0.01), while endothelial differentiation was unaffected.The present study describes two different putative progenitors (early and late MSCs) that, together with already described MPCs, could be co-isolated and expanded in different percentages depending on the culture conditions. These results suggest that some modifications to the widely accepted MSC nomenclature are required

A dual SHOX2:GFP; MYH6:mCherry knockin hESC reporter line for derivation of human SAN-like cells

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is the primary pacemaker of the heart. The human SAN is poorly understood due to limited primary tissue access and limitations in robust in vitro derivation methods. We developed a dual SHOX2:GFP; MYH6:mCherry knockin human embryonic stem cell (hESC) reporter line, which allows the identification and purification of SAN-like cells. Using this line, we performed several rounds of chemical screens and developed an efficient strategy to generate and purify hESC-derived SAN-like cells (hESC-SAN). The derived hESC-SAN cells display molecular and electrophysiological characteristics of bona fide nodal cells, which allowed exploration of their transcriptional profile at single-cell level. In sum, our dual reporter system facilitated an effective strategy for deriving human SAN-like cells, which can potentially be used for future disease modeling and drug discovery.American Heart Association IncVoRSUNY DownstatePhysiology and PharmacologyN/

Germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna schott em diferentes temperaturas

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar o efeito da temperatura sobre a germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna e identificar as temperaturas cardinais de germinação, bem como avaliar a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica para determinação das temperaturas cardinais. Para tanto, foram realizados três ensaios. No primeiro, foi feita a determinação das curvas de embebição, em cada temperatura (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC); as sementes foram pesadas a cada 2 h, por um período de 12 h e após a cada 12 h até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes, ou até 120 h quando na ausência de germinação. No segundo ensaio, para identificar as temperaturas cardinais, as sementes foram mantidas sob cada temperatura, por 10 dias, em câmara tipo BOD, sob luz constante. No terceiro ensaio, foi realizado um teste de condutividade elétrica com as sementes incubadas por períodos de 24, 48 e 72 h de embebição em cada uma das temperaturas e, em seguida, colocadas em erlenmeyers com 75 mL de água deionizada a 25 ºC, por 24 h, para posterior leitura da condutividade elétrica. É mais criterioso recomendar faixas de temperaturas para germinação do que temperaturas pontuais. As temperaturas cardinais (teóricas) para a característica porcentagem de germinação são: 12,3 ºC - mínima, 30,0 ºC - ótima (teórica) e 42,7 ºC - máxima. As faixas de temperatura considerando todas as variáveis investigadas são: 12,1-12,6 ºC (mínima); 30,0-35,8 ºC (ótima); e 42,4-43,0 ºC (máxima). A espécie apresenta grande amplitude de germinação com relação à temperatura, sendo verificada a germinação na faixa de 12,0 a 42,0 ºC. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi eficiente para avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre as sementes e, nesse teste, a temperatura ótima é de 27,0 ºC.