Fog computing security: a review of current applications and security solutions

Fog computing is a new paradigm that extends the Cloud platform model by providing computing resources on the edges of a network. It can be described as a cloud-like platform having similar data, computation, storage and application services, but is fundamentally different in that it is decentralized. In addition, Fog systems are capable of processing large amounts of data locally, operate on-premise, are fully portable, and can be installed on heterogeneous hardware. These features make the Fog platform highly suitable for time and location-sensitive applications. For example, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are required to quickly process a large amount of data. This wide range of functionality driven applications intensifies many security issues regarding data, virtualization, segregation, network, malware and monitoring. This paper surveys existing literature on Fog computing applications to identify common security gaps. Similar technologies like Edge computing, Cloudlets and Micro-data centres have also been included to provide a holistic review process. The majority of Fog applications are motivated by the desire for functionality and end-user requirements, while the security aspects are often ignored or considered as an afterthought. This paper also determines the impact of those security issues and possible solutions, providing future security-relevant directions to those responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining Fog systems

Response of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus; (Burchell, 1822) to Diets of African Yam Bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa Subjected to Two Processing Methods

Response of Clarias gariepinus to diets of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) (AYB) subjected to two processing methods was assessed. Mature AYB was boiled, fermented and processed into meals. Seven diets were formulated to contain 44.07 ±0.48% crude protein and 19.03±0.05 kJ g-1 gross energy respectively. Fishmeal in the diets was substituted with each of the two processed AYB meals at 40%, 45% and 50% levels. Nine fingerlings (initial average weight 1.36±0.02g) were stocked per experimental tank. Experimental diets were fed to triplicate groups of catfish fingerlings at 10% body weight for 56 days. Results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and protein production value (PPV) were highest at 45% replacement of fermented AYB (3.32±0.20; 49.30±17.94) compared to control (3.17±0.44; 38.89±12.49). Mean values for haematological parameters (PCV, HB, WBC and RBC) significantly increased (P<0.05) above the initial status and control group. Haematological values for fish fed 40% inclusion level of fermented and boiled AYB were the highest. This study shows that AYB processed by fermentation and boiling were effective in enhancing fish growth. However, based on SGR and PPV results Fermented AYB should not be used in Clarias gariepinus diets beyond 45%inclusion level.Key Words: African Catfish, Alternative Protein Sources, African Yam Beans, Haematolog

Challenges of Diagnosing Hyponatremic Syndromes in Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Abstract Introduction Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the rare pulmonary infections causing hyponatremia (serum sodium ˂135 mmol/L) and severe hyponatremia (serum sodium ˂125 mmol/L). Although the major cause of hyponatremia in TB patients is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion, cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) can occur and requires evidence of inappropriate urinary salt losses and reduced arterial blood volume. Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is rare in TB with scanty literature describing it. The two reported cases highlight three possible causes of severe symptomatic hyponatremia in TB pleural effusion and disseminated TB, their treatment modalities, and the need to increase the index of suspicion to diagnose TB hyponatremia in children. Case Report Case 1: a 10-year-old girl with TB pleural effusion who developed recurrent hyponatremia in the first few weeks of anti-TB treatment which was responsive to sodium correction. Case 2: an 8-year-old girl presenting to our facility with presumptive TB. She deteriorated over several months and progressed to disseminated TB with AI. Discussion Early diagnosis and prompt and correct treatment of TB hyponatremia cannot be overemphasized, as AI, SIADH secretion, and CSWS, each require different therapeutic regimens, most especially AI on its own poses a huge clinical challenge. Conclusion A high index of suspicion, with intensified case finding at all levels of care, is necessary to identify and manage children with TB hyponatremia because early diagnosis and prompt treatment is lifesaving.</jats:p