The study of relationship between addiction potentiality and personality characteristics, conformity and gender among pre-university students

زمینه و هدف: ویژگی های شخصیتی و همنوایی از عوامل روان شناختی مهم در گرایش به رفتارهای پر خطر از جمله اعتیاد به شمار می روند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه اعتیادپذیری با شخصیت، همنوایی و نقش جنسیت در بین دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه شهر کرمان انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی 118 دانش آموز مقطع پیش دانشگاهی ناحیه 2 شهر کرمان با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل: آزمون پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت (فرم کوتاه)، همنوایی ال₇₂ و اعتیاد پذیری بود. داده ها به کمک ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون چند متغیره و آزمون t مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: بین همنوایی و اعتیاد پذیری رابطه مثبت معنادار وجود داشت (01/0>P). همچنین اعتیاد پذیری با ویژگی شخصیتی روان رنجوری رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار و با ویژگی های شخصیتی وجدانی بودن و توافق گرایی رابطه منفی معنی دار وجود داشت (01/0>P). نتایج تحلیل t نشان داد که از لحاظ همنوایی در بین دختران و پسران تفاوتی وجود ندارد (05/0P). نتیجه گیری: افراد همنوا و افرادی که از لحاظ شخصیتی آسیب پذیرند مستعد اعتیاد می باشند. بنابراین ضروری است که در برنامه های آموزشی، پیشگیری و درمانی اعتیاد بر این ویژگی های روانشناختی تأکید گردد

Using Local Public Goods to Attract and Retain the Creative Class: A Tale of Two Cities

We study the impact that the provision of a local public good (LPG) by two cities has on their ability to attract and retain members of the creative class. This creative class consists of two types of members known as engineers and artists. Engineers are wealthier than artists and they also value the LPG more. We first focus on each city in isolation. We compute the marginal value and the marginal cost of the LPG and then determine the provision of this LPG when the provision is determined by uniform contributions and majority voting. Next, we allow the creative class members to migrate between the two cities and analyze whether engineers or artists migrate, the equilibrium distribution of the creative class, and the efficiency of the LPG provision. Finally, we consider the situation in each city just before migration and study how much of the LPG is provided when proportional contributions and majority voting determine this provision. A related question we address is whether engineers or artists now have an incentive to migrate and, if yes, we identify who would like to migrate and to which city

On competition for listings

We construct a model whereby stock exchanges take a new role as an information intermediary, notably absent in their roles. We show that exchanges differentiate themselves at subgame perfect equilibrium and will not race to the top or to the bottom

The recreational valuation of a natural forest park using travel cost method in Iran

One of the most important benefits of a forest, which can be considered over the revenue yielded from timber and other wood based products, is the recreational benefits for visitors. Considering the novelty and necessity of evaluating bio-environmental economics of forest parks in developing countries such as Iran, the present study will focus on the evaluation of the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a northern Iranian Forest park (Abbas Abad-Behshahr as a case study) utilizing one of the worldwide common methods of evaluation (Travel Cost Method). Based on the method, the park was considered as the centre of the fivefold region as concentric circles. The number of visitors was determined using questionnaires and the park’s value was determined by estimation of the visitors access cost using Travel Cost Method. Furthermore, the economic value extracted timber products of the neighbouring forestry plan was reckoned. The calculated factor was then compared to the economic value of the park. As a result, the park’s recreational value was judged to be much more than produced timber values. Therefore, it is concluded that the unparalleled natural, historical and bio-environmental values of the park would be preserved by planning an appropriate and well- programmed management system, considering the unique conditions of the Park. Thus, it can fulfil the recreational requirements of the people in the local/national scale

After-effect on tear film quality and quantity of reading on laptop computer screen versus hardcopy

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Electronic displays, including laptops, tablets, and smartphones, have dramatically altered the way information is accessed and become significant factors in human daily life. They interfere with the blink rate and increase dry eye symptoms, which lead to more discomfort compared to hard copy while reading. BACKGROUND: Digital eye strain occurs when an individual suffers from symptoms, or they are exacerbated, while performing a task requiring digital screen viewing. This study assessed the tear film status immediately following reading on a laptop computer screen versus an identical hard copy. METHODS: Thirty young adults with normal ocular health and reporting no significant symptoms of dry eye (ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score  10 seconds) read a text as hard copy and on a laptop computer screen for 30 min on separate days in a random sequence in a controlled reading experimental condition. The texts were matched in size and contrast and presented at a viewing distance of 40 cm. The NITBUT and strip meniscometry tube tests were administered at baseline and after reading in both conditions. RESULTS: The median baseline NITBUT decreased from 13.0 s to 10.0 s ( P  < 0.001) after hardcopy reading and to 7.0 ( P  < 0.001) after reading from a laptop computer screen, with a significant difference between the task medium ( P  = 0.001). The baseline strip meniscometry tube results decreased from 6.7 mm to 5.0 mm ( P  < 0.001) after hardcopy reading and to 5.0 mm ( P  < 0.001) after reading from a laptop computer screen, but there was no significant difference with the task medium ( P  = 0.085). CONCLUSION: Reading in both conditions led to tear film instability in terms of the tear film quality and quantity. Additionally, the computer screen has a greater impact on the TBUT compared to hardcopy reading, while these two reading mediums had a similar effect on the tear volume