A history of land acquisition, commercialisation of agriculture and socio-economic differentiation among peasant farmers in a frontier region: The Gokwe District of northwestern Zimbabwe, c. 1945-1990s

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 26 May 1997Until the 1950s, Gokwe was once perceived as the wild, remote and economically 'backward' domain of the 'Shangwe1 people, but since the influx of immigrants from the south into this region, and the introduction of small-holder cotton production in the early 1960s, Gokwe has been represented as a miracle of agrarian transformation, a frontier of commoditization, and more broadly, as an exemplar of the transition to modernity. From the early 1960s to the mid-1980s Gokwe alone accounted for more than half the country's cotton production from the African areas, and about 15% of the national output. Today(1996), Gokwe contributes about 60 percent of the nation's cotton output and its high market price has spurred even the smallest farmer to master the art of growing the million dollar crop. The population of Gokwe has increased dramatically from an insignificant sparsely populated region of the 'Shangwe' to being one of the most populous districts in the country with a population of over 400 000. Thus, once constituted as a negation of national progress, Gokwe has miraculously asserted itself as a fecund, energetic symbol of primeval development. Its emergence as the fastest growing district in the country in terms of both population and agricultural commodity production especially since independence in 1980 has made Gokwe a palpable emblem of the economic potential of the nation. If, as many now think, Zimbabwe stands as the beacon of hope for salvaging small-scale agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is Gokwe that provides its most dramatic and compelling example. The agricultural performance of Gokwe, just like that of many communal areas of Zimbabwe, especially after 1980, has been variously termed in Zimbabwean literature as the 'peasant miracle'or as 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Revolution'. However, less attention has been paid to the fact that increased cotton productivity and high levels of marketed cotton were achieved by only a minority of producers. I hypothesize that differential access to land was in part responsible for differential levels of production among small-scale farmers in Gokwe. Unlike other rural areas of Zimbabwe where land pressure from the 1950s on was excessive, in Gokwe land was relatively abundant for a long time after that. However, with the introduction and intensification of commodity production, especially cotton agriculture and with the increase in immigrant population especially from the south, access to land has become a critical issue. In a study carried out by L.de Swardt in 1982 in the communal areas of Gokwe, he discovered that an informal land economy existed in Gokwe. His evidence showed that most households started with a base of approximately 10 acres allocated by the colonial state under the notorious Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951. However, by the early 1980s land had been subsequently traded to such as extent that some households had as much as 30 acres or more while others had as little as 2 acres…. My study is an investigation of how and why this uneven distribution of land observed by Swardt and myself took place. I will examine the history of land acquisition and the landholding practices that prevailed in this frontier region since the resettlement of immigrants from the 1950s. More specifically I will focus on the interface between legal codes and the actual practices of land holding on the ground. I will argue that between the legal paradigms and the actual practice on the ground there existed many conceptual gaps. While on one hand the legal codes were unevenly enforced, on the other 'customary' paradigms were ambiguous. This situation created many conceptual gaps in which both the legal and 'customary' paradigms were manipulated by various groups of people who maneuvered to acquire access to land through various channels. My paper will focus on the various kinds of transactions, negotiations and conflict over land that occurred in this region. By doing so my paper will enhance out understanding of the way in which rapid commercialization of cotton agriculture shaped people's strategies to gain access to land and how this in turn determined patterns of socio-economic differentiation in this region

Desentralisasi Dan Demokratisasi Di Desa: Membangun Akuntabilitas Publik Melalui Kultur Lokal

This work argues that developing democracy from the grassroots level is demanded in order to develop democracy in a broad scale. To issue and implement the new policies of decentralization after the fall of Suharto era should be noted as the radical change in managing the public affairs democratically. Even the local autonomy policies are implemented at the lowest level such as village area by introducing the modern democratic things i.e. the new political structure and the new political mechanism. One that should be emphasized that those political engineering is oriented to develop the public accountability as well. However, avoiding the local culture which is still exist in a such society will in fact raise problem, especially in the high pluralistic society like Indonesia. Local culture could be the fundamental element in developing democracy from the grassroots level

Education and Training in Public Administration

Tulisan ini mencoba menggali gagasan mengenai apa dan bagaimana revitalisasi sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan yang didasarkan pada landasan teoritis dan pengalaman empiris dalam kaitannya dengan administrasi publik dalam menghadapi otonomi daerah dan Perubahan global yang tidak bisa dihindari. Administrasi publik sebagai suatu ilmu, seni dan juga suatu profesi akan memberikan pengaruh dalam memilih dan mendidik pegawai negeri. Oleh karena itu pendidikan untuk administrator publik harus diarahkan pada kemampuan untuk dapat memahami kerangka konseptual administrasi publik, politik, konstitusional, kultural dan Perubahan lingkungan yang sedang berlangsung

Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy of fecal culture and PCR-based tests for the detection of Salmonella enterica in California cull dairy cattle.

Epidemiological studies of low prevalence disease problems are often hindered by the high cost of diagnostic testing. The objective of this study was to evaluate PCR screening of both individual and pooled fecal samples from culled dairy cows for the invA gene of Salmonella followed by culture to determine if the sensitivity and specificity were comparable to the results from traditional culture methods applied to individual samples. Cows from six different dairies were sampled in all four seasons. A total of 240 individual cow fecal samples, 24 fecal pools and 24 pools of 24-hour tetrathionate enrichment broth were tested. Diagnostic sensitivity of PCR screening followed by culture of PCR positive or indeterminate samples (i.e PCR-CUL method) was lower than that of culture (CUL) when applied to individual fecal samples (94.8%, 99.5%), however the specificity was comparable (99.6% and 97.7% respectively). For pools of five fecal samples and pools of five, 24 h tetrathionate broth samples, the specificity of both tests were comparable (∼98%); however, their sensitivity was only comparable in pooled fecal samples (∼93%) but greater for culture compared to PCR-CUL in pooled broth samples (∼99% versus ∼93%). Compared to culture results from testing of individual fecal samples, testing pooled fecal samples by culture had a relative sensitivity of 74% and relative specificity of 96%, testing pooled fecal samples by PCR-CUL resulted in relative sensitivity of 90% and relative specificity of 96%. Testing of pooled 24-hour enrichment broth by PCR-CUL increased the relative sensitivity and specificity to 100%. PCR testing followed by culture of positive or indeterminate samples is a time saving alternative to traditional methods. In addition, pooling of samples may be a useful method for decreasing cost if study aims can accommodate a moderate loss of relative sensitivity

The Associations of Internal Factors, Sources of Information, and Family Role with Premarital Sexual Behavior among Adolescents in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara

Background: Earlier studies reported that parents play a significant role in the sexual development and behaviors of their children. Parental monitoring and supervision are important paths for keeping adolescents from risky situations and activities while the teen develops responsible decision making skills. A supportive relationship between the parent and adolescent is important for enhancing communication and supervision. Empirical studies into this issue, however, is scanty in East Nusa Tenggara. This study aimed to analyze the associations of parental role and source of information on reproductive health, with unhealthy premarital sex behavior among adolescents in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. A sample of 90 adolescents were selected for this study. The dependent variable was unhealthy sex behavior. The independent variables were role of parents and source of information on reproductive health. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of unhealthy premarital sex behavior increased with weak role of parents (OR= 2.74; p= 0.045) and negative source of information on reproductive health (OR= 2.20; p= 0.033). Conclusion: The risk of unhealthy premarital sex behavior increases with weak role of parents and negative source of information on reproductive health. Keywords: premarital, sex behavior, unhealthy, role of parents, source of information, reproductive health

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Anhidrida Maleat Dan Peroksida Benzoil Terhadap Persen Pencangkokan Pada Sintesis Kompatibilizer Polyethylene-Graft-Maleic Anhydride

Telah dilakukan sintesis Linear Low Density Polyethylene- graft-Maleic Anhydride (LLDPE-g-MA) untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi anhidrida maleat dan peroksida benzoil terhadap persen pencangkokan. Sintesis dilakukan dengan cara mencangkokkan monomer anhidrida maleat ke dalam Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) dengan bantuan peroksida benzoil sebagai inisiator dan xylene sebagai pelarut. Reaksi dilakukan dalam reaktor stainless steel pada suhu 120°C selama 5 jam dengan bantuan gas nitrogen. Konsentrasi anhidrida maleat divariasikan antara 10-40 per seratus resin, sedangkan variasi BPO dilakukan pada 0,5-2 per seratus resin. Persen pencangkokan ditentukan dengan menghitung monomer anhidrida maleat yang tercangkok ke dalam LLDPE. Analisis Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dilakukan untuk mempelajari gugus fungsi yang terbentuk dalam LLDPE-g-MA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persen pencangkokan tertinggi sebesar 9,2598% dihasilkan pada penggunaan anhidrida maleat sebesar 40 per seratus resin dan BPO sebesar 2 per seratus resin

Pendaftaran Hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik Dan Petuk D Sebagai Alat Bukti Permulaan Di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Proses Pendaftaran hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik dan PetukD Sebagai Alat Bukti Permulaan di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam menciptakanKepastian Hukum serta hambatan Proses Pendaftaran hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik dan Petuk D SebagaiAlat Bukti Permulaan serta solusinya. Merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, menggunakan konsep hukumkelima. Jenis data menggunakan data Primer dan Data sekunder, sumber data adalah Sumber Data Primerdan Sumber Data Sekunder yang meliputi Bahan Hukum Primer, Bahan Hukum Sekunder dan Bahan HukumTersier. Metode pengumpulan data melalui Wawancara dan metode Studi Pustaka. Analisis data dengan modelkarena dilindungi dari tindakan sewenang-wenang yang dilakukan oleh siapapun serta dengan kepemilikanHambatan yang ada Kurang atau minimnya bukti kepemilikan atas tanah menjadi salah satu penyebab dari minimnya proses pendaftaran hak atas tanah. Kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat Solusi yang dilakaukan oleh kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Sleman, bekerjasama dengan pihak PemerintahDesa/Kelurahan untuk mensosialisasikan arti penting kepemilikan sertipikat hak atas tanah, selain itu jugamemberikan pemahaman-pemahan kepada masyarakat terkait sengketa tanah yang diakibatkan lemahnyabukti kepemilikan hak atas tanah

Sejarah pendidikan di Indonesia zaman penjajahan

Buku ini memuat uraian tentang perkembangan pendidikan di Indonesia sejak kedatangan bangsa-bangsa Barat sampai menjelang kemerdekaan (1600-1945 ). Buku ini antara lain memuat tentang masa pengaruh Portugis, masa pengaruh Belanda dan mencoba memberikan gambaran mengenai wujud lembaga, tujuan, isi , proses serta pihak yang terlibat dalam pendidikan pada masa tersebut

Perancangan Sistem Identifikasi Dan Pemetaan Potensi Kemiskinan Untuk Optimalisasi Program Kemiskinan

According to current BPS poverty rate in Indonesia is still reached 11.7% with poverty depth index increased from 1.75% (March 2013) to 1.89%. Then the poverty severity index increased from 0.43% (March) to 0.48%. Poverty lines throughout the period from March to September 2013 increased by 7.85%. Research needs to be done to accelerate the process of poverty reduction through the use of information technology for the identification and mapping (mapping) based on Geographic Information System (GIS) to areas that potentially have the poor. Visual maps used are taken from Indonesian geospatial data, Ina-Geoportal (tanahair.Indonesia.go.id) which is a solution of the map to Indonesia and supported by the Government. Identification method is done by using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process).The design of the system resulting from the research is believed to be used for identifying the poor and the determination of appropriate poverty reduction program for the region to be visualized in the form of mapping potential areas of poverty-based geographic information system (GIS) is presented online via the web. This system is to optimize the impact of poverty alleviation programs provided by the government and private sector so that economic improvement can be achieved and poverty will be reduced to below 10 percent

Implementasi Peraturan Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 1 Tahun 2010 Tentang Standar Pelayanan dan Pengaturan Pertanahan

The objectives of this study are to investigate implementation of the regulation of the chief of state agrarian agency number 1 of 2010 about the service standard and agrarian arrangement. This research used the descriptive empirical research method. The data of research consisted of primary and secondary data. They were collected through in-depth interview and library research. They were analyzed using the qualitative model. The results of study are as follows: implementation of the regulation of the chief of state agrarian agency number 1 of 2010 refers on several index of public service satisfy.The chief of agrarian office had sent application to the agrarian ministry and state agrarian agency in order to increase the worker and to develop human resource for each section and sub department to solve of any proble