Optimization and characterization of silver nanoparticle synthesis from the microalgae, Isochrysis galbana

The present study was aimed to carry out a green synthesis of Silver Nano Particless by using marine micro algae and its characterization by SEM, EDAX, Particle analyzer and Zeta potential. Microalgae samples (Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis sp.) were collected from phytoplankton laboratory, Tuticorin Research Centre of ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. The culture media of I. galbana and Nannochloropsis sp. were taken for the preliminary synthesis of SNPs. Hence, Nannochloropsis sp. was not synthesized for its SNPs, I. galbana was selected for further study. Culture media, cell filtrate and supernatant of I. galbana were subjected to the SNPs synthesis in order to find out the maximum yield of silver with low chloride content. Among these, the supernatant of I. galbana showed maximum yield with low chloride content. It was confirmed by colorimetric reading at 450 nm. Synthesized SNPs from I. galbana contained 80.68% of silver and 15.25% of chloride as detected by EDAX analysis. Size of the SNPs was analyzed by particle analyzer and ranged from 16.6 to 205.3 nm and average size was 40.6 nm. Zeta potential of SNPs from I. galbana was -44.0 mV, which reveals the high stability of SNPs. This is the first authenticated work of I. galbana with respect to complete characterization of its SNPs

Automated Identification of Oceanic Fronts for Operational Generation of Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Advisories

PFZs, are essentially the frontal structures as identified from the satellite images of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll concentration. These regions are known for fish aggregation and provide cost-effectiveness in offshore fishing operations. Subjective identification of fronts may lead to human-errors, non-negotiable beyond a limit. To overcome this, we propose utilization of tools that help automated identification of the frontal structures. This approach not only removes the errors, but also helps shorten the time period of the operational process-chai

Changes in body weight and food choice in those attempting smoking cessation: a cluster randomised controlled trial

<p><b>Background:</b> Fear of weight gain is a barrier to smoking cessation and significant cause of relapse for many people. The provision of nutritional advice as part of a smoking cessation programme may assist some in smoking cessation and perhaps limit weight gain. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a structured programme of dietary advice on weight change and food choice, in adults attempting smoking cessation.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Cluster randomised controlled design. Classes randomised to intervention commenced a 24-week intervention, focussed on improving food choice and minimising weight gain. Classes randomised to control received "usual care".</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Twenty-seven classes in Greater Glasgow were randomised between January and August 2008. Analysis, including those who continued to smoke, showed that actual weight gain and percentage weight gain was similar in both groups. Examination of data for those successful at giving up smoking showed greater mean weight gain in intervention subjects (3.9 (SD 3.1) vs. 2.7 (SD 3.7) kg). Between group differences were not significant (p=0.23, 95% CI -0.9 to 3.5). In comparison to baseline improved consumption of fruit and vegetables and breakfast cereal were reported in the intervention group. A higher percentage of control participants continued smoking (74% vs. 66%).</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> The intervention was not successful at minimising weight gain in comparison to control but was successful in facilitating some sustained improvements in the dietary habits of intervention participants. Improved quit rates in the intervention group suggest that continued contact with advisors may have reduced anxieties regarding weight gain and encouraged cessation despite weight gain. Research should continue in this area as evidence suggests that the negative effects of obesity could outweigh the health benefits achieved through reductions in smoking prevalence.</p&gt

A New Metamaterial Printed Microstrip Yagi -Array Antenna for ISM band Applications

A traditional yagi antenna is used for broadband applications. A New Metamaterial Printed Microstrip Yagi -Array Antenna has been introduced here. This antenna is found to operate at 2.4GHz. The microstrip yagi-array antenna is loaded with artificial split ring resonators (SRRs) which is used for achieving the metamaterial effect in the structure. The overall circuit size of the designed antenna is 11.5*11.5*0.25mm3 with reduced cross polarization and the substrate used is FR4 epoxy with dielectric constant 4.4 which is readily available. The designed antenna achieved about 4dB of gain and it also achieved a high directional characteristic of 5-9dB in the operating band. The designed antenna had a minimum return loss of about -8dB. The achievement of narrowband width for ISM band application enhances the efficiency of the antenna at the specified band and reduces the interference level

Evaluation of Cytotoxic Behavior of Orthodontic Composite Containing Zinc Oxide and Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Objective: This study aims to assess the cytotoxicity of Transbond XT adhesive incorporated with zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles. Methodology: An orthodontic composite comprising equal proportions of ZnO2 and SnO nanoparticles was synthesized using a hydrothermal method. ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles were mixed in ethyl alcohol, and the pH was adjusted to 10 - 10.5 with liquor ammonia. The mixture was then added to light-cured orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT). After ultrasonic treatment and hydrothermal processing, the composite was characterized through SEM, FTIR, and EDAX analyses. The cytotoxicity test was performed on human fibroblast cells using various concentrations of the composite. Results: SEM analysis revealed distinct surface characteristics. Orthodontic adhesive with SnO2 and ZnO2 nanoparticles exhibited a smooth surface with rod-like structures. SnO2+ZnO2 mixture displayed a coarse, granular surface topography. FTIR confirmed specific functional groups. Peaks indicated the presence of Zn-O and O-Sn-O functional groups within the composite. EDAX analysis yielded quantitative elemental composition. Cytotoxicity assessment demonstrated an increasing cytotoxicity trend with rising particle concentration for all samples. Cell viability consistently above 60% for all concentrations. Notably, fibroblast cell viability at 50% concentration was 87%, indicating cytocompatibility. Conclusion: The incorporation of ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles into Transbond XT adhesive yielded a composite with altered surface characteristics. FTIR and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of specific functional groups and elemental composition. Cytotoxicity assessment indicated that the composite exhibited favorable cell viability, particularly at a 50% concentration, suggesting its potential for cytocompatible applications

LINE REGULAR FUZZY SEMIGRAPHS

           تقدم هذه الورقة نوعين من درجات الحافة (الدرجة الخطية والدرجة قريب الخطية) ودرجات الحافة الكلية (الدرجة الكلية الخطية ودرجة قريب الخطية الكلية) للحافة في شبه البيان ضبابي، حيث يُعرّف الخط الضبابي بأنه (V, σ, μ, η ) مُعرَّفة على شبه البيان G * حيث σ : V → [0, 1], μ : VxV → [0, 1] و η : X → [0, 1]  تفي بالشروط التي تناسب جميع الرؤوس  u، v في مجموعة الرأس، μ(u, v) ≤ σ(u) ᴧ σ(v) و η(e) = μ(u1, u2) ᴧ μ(u2, u3) ᴧ … ᴧ μ(un-1, un) ≤ σ(u1) ᴧ σ(un) اذا كانت e = (u1, u2, …, un), n ≥ 2 هي حافة في نصف الرسم البياني G *، حيث يتم تعريف النصف البياني كزوج من المجموعات (V, X) حيث تكون مجموعة الرأس V مجموعة غير فارغة ومجموعة الحافة X عبارة عن مجموعة من n - tuples لمختلف n ≥ 2، من العناصر المميزة لـ V مع الخصائص التي، أي عنصرين في حافة المجموعة X لها رأس مشترك واحد تقريبًا ولأي حافتين (ɑ1, ɑ2,…, ɑn )  و (b1, b2,…, bm) في مجموعة الحافة  X متساوية إذا، وفقط إذا، n = m  وأيًا منهما أحد الشروط ɑj = bjأو ɑj = bn-j + 1 تتحقق ل  r لـ j  حيث تقع قيمة j بين 1 و n.  بالإضافة إلى انتظام الحواف (الخط المنتظم والخط القريب المنتظم) وإجمالي انتظام الحواف (الخط الكلي المنتظم والإجمالي القريب من الخط المنتظم) لدرجات الحافة المقابلة ودرجات الحافة الكلية التي تمت دراستها، تم فحص خصائصها وتم الحصول على نتائج قليلة تربط انتظام الرأس وانتظام الحافة لشبه البيان الضبابي.            This paper introduce two types of edge degrees (line degree and near line degree) and total edge degrees (total line degree and total near line degree) of an edge in a fuzzy semigraph, where a fuzzy semigraph is defined as (V, σ, μ, η) defined on a semigraph G* in which σ : V → [0, 1], μ : VxV → [0, 1] and η : X → [0, 1] satisfy the conditions that for all the vertices u, v in the vertex set,  μ(u, v) ≤ σ(u) ᴧ σ(v) and  η(e) = μ(u1, u2) ᴧ μ(u2, u3) ᴧ … ᴧ μ(un-1, un) ≤ σ(u1) ᴧ σ(un), if e = (u1, u2, …, un), n ≥ 2 is an edge in the semigraph G*, in which a semigraph is defined as a pair of sets (V, X) in which the vertex set V is a non - empty set and edge set X is a set of n – tuples for various n ≥ 2, of distinct elements of V with the properties that, any two elements in the edge set X has at most one vertex in common and for any two edges (ɑ1, ɑ2,…, ɑn ) and (b1, b2,…, bm)  in the edge set X are equal if, and only if, n = m and either one of the conditions ɑj = bj  or ɑj = bn-j+1 occur for j where the value of j lies between 1 and n. In addition to that edge regularities (line regular and near line regular) and total edge regularities (total line regular and total near line regular) of the corresponding edge degrees and total edge degrees are studied, their properties are examined and a few results connecting vertex regularity and edge regularity of a fuzzy semigraph are obtained. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C72, 05C07