Solar heated fluidized bed gasification system

A solar-powered fluidized bed gasification system for gasifying carbonaceous material is presented. The system includes a solar gasifier which is heated by fluidizing gas and steam. Energy to heat the gas and steam is supplied by a high heat capacity refractory honeycomb which surrounds the fluid bed reactor zone. The high heat capacity refractory honeycomb is heated by solar energy focused on the honeycomb by solar concentrator through solar window. The fluid bed reaction zone is also heated directly and uniformly by thermal contact of the high heat capacity ceramic honeycomb with the walls of the fluidized bed reactor. Provisions are also made for recovering and recycling catalysts used in the gasification process. Back-up furnace is provided for start-up procedures and for supplying heat to the fluid bed reaction zone when adequate supplies of solar energy are not available

Detection of Kids milk Quality using Methylene Blue Reduction test

Back ground and Objectives: Milk is a highly nutritious food that serves as an excellent growth medium for a wide range of microorganisms. Rapid, simple and inexpensive microbiological quality determination methods including Methylene Blue Reduction (MBRT) test could be commonly used as a quick method to assess the microbiological quality of raw and pasteurized milk. The aim of study is to determine quality of kids milk using Methylene Blue Dye Reduction Test Methods: A total of 37 samples comprising of kids milk collected at different levels of collection and processed. Accordingly 12 different milk samples from hypermarket, 8 different milk samples from unlicensed hawker (retail market), 11 different samples with additives from hyper market samples and 6 different samples with high price. Samples were collected. One ml of the Methylene Blue Thiocyanate solution added into a test tube then 10 ml of milk poured into test tube. Tubes incubated at 37 oC Results: Results showed that all types of milk that purchased from super market, local market and high price milk types shown no change of methylene Blue color appear on the base of time, that indicate very good quality of the milk. On the base of milk types with additive materials only one milk showed change in colour but after confirm test the colour remained blue and not changed. Conclusion: Methylene blue reduction test is rapid economic method that can be used for detection of milk quality. Approximately all the kids of milks that is purchased in our market and local markets showed sterility and the source contamination if take place may be by storage condition and transvers vehicle

Capability Process to Optimize Specification by Impact of Wavelet Analysis

This study investigates the impact of wavelet analysis on optimizing specification in the capability process. A new approach called the New Hybrid Capability Wavelet Approach (NHCWA) is proposed, which utilizes wavelet analysis to filter noise and outliers in the data. The study compares the NHCWA with the classical capability process using a dataset from a cake factory. The Coiflet 4 wavelet family and soft thresholding are employed to denoise the data. The results demonstrate that the NHCWA significantly improves the capability indices, achieving a 50% increase in Cp and a 30% increase in Cpk compared to the classical approach. Additionally, the NHCWA reduces the standard deviation of the process by 20%. These findings highlight the potential of wavelet analysis in enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of capability analysis, leading to improved quality control in manufacturing processes

In vitro root regeneration from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. shoots

Multiple shoot regeneration was conducted to produce healthy shoots for mass propagation of superior genotypes of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Sources of explants were selected based on good growth and selected fiber morphological characteristics. Healthy shootlets were further allowed to elongate on half strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L⁻¹ 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) for four weeks before root induction. In vitro rooting of these elongated shootlets were assessed using half strength of MS medium supplemented with eight concentrations viz 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg L⁻¹ of either α- Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) or Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) i.e, 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mg L⁻¹. Generally rooting ability showed better performance in all concentrations on medium supplemented with NAA than the ones with IBA. Those shootlets induced on 1.0 and 1.5 mg L⁻¹ showed prolific root growth. The highest rooting percentage of 90% was obtained in shootlets induced on medium supplemented with 1.0 mgL⁻¹ of NAA but the highest mean root number of 9.00 and the longest mean root length of 2.63 cm were recorded on those supplemented with 1.5 mgL⁻¹ of NAA. Healthy rooted plantlets were then acclimatized into polybags containing peat soil covered in plastic sheet and left under shade for one week before being finally transferred into growth medium containing 1:1:1 sand, top soil and coco peat. 70% of survival percentage was recorded 4 weeks after being raised under nursery condition. Thus inclusion of IBA and NAA are necessary for root induction of in vitro micropropagated shootlets to become complete plantlets

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Detection of carbapenemase in acinetobacter baumannii enrolled in the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance

Background and objective: Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant pathogenic bacterium in the health system. The ability to resist antimicrobial drugs and biofilm formation gives the considerable capacity to A. baumannii for existing in a harsh environment, enabling this bacterium to cause hospital-acquired infection. Carbapenem is an important treatment option for severe nosocomial infection and patients infected by multidrug-resistant organisms. The main aim of this study is to detect carbapenemase in isolates, and its association with biofilm formation as well as antibiotic resistance. Methods: Sixty A. baumannii isolates were obtained from several hospital districts in Erbil city. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) of isolates were performed by VITEKII compact system. Phenotypic identification of carbapenem by sCIM also biofilm-forming was detected by 96 well method. Additionally, three antimicrobial agents were used if they were successful in eliminating biofilm formation. . Results: The majority of the isolates were from sputum, accounting 75% and antibiotic susceptibility showed that the isolates are resistant to the most available antibiotics, and significant of the isolates formed strong biofilm. The sensitivity of meropenem, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin were employed for ten isolates of A. baumannii after biofilm formation it was found that biofilm cells need more concentration of antibiotic than planktonic cells then phenotypic detection of carbapenem showed that the overall positive values were 30 (50.0%) for sCIM. Conclusion: We revealed that most resistant isolates have a greater capacity for biofilm development than sensitivite isolates. Biofilm-producing strains of A. baumannii cannot be killed with the relatively similar concentration of antimicrobial drugs that are needed to kill planktonic cells

Ratio spectra derivative and mean centering as green analytical techniques for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and folic acid in pharmaceutical formulations, for-ferro tablets

Background and objective: The reliability and efficacy of multivitamin pharmaceutical products containing ascorbic acid and folic acid vary due to differences in manufacturing processes and ingredient selection. This research paper presents the development and validation of derivative spectrophotometric and mean-centering methods for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and folic acid both in their pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, an assessment of the environmental impact of the proposed methods is conducted utilizing the analytical procedure index as a measure of its "greenness" profile. Methods: Analytical procedures that are simple, accurate, and environmentally friendly were devised to concurrently determine the levels of ascorbic acid and folic acid. These methods include the ratio derivative and mean-centering spectrophotometric techniques, ensuring precise measurements of both substances. Results: The ratio derivative and mean-centering spectrophotometric techniques for the determination of ascorbic acid and folic acid showed a measurable amplitude and substantial linearity. The ratio spectra derivative, at the amplitude 247.2 nm (1DD 247.2) and 270 nm (1DD 270) ascorbic acid showed linearity from (0.5-15.0 μg/mL) and (0.5-15.0μg/mL) with a detection limit of (0.17 μg/mL) and (0.298 μg/mL), respectively, while folic acid displayed observable amplitude at 314.4 nm (1DD 314.4) with linearity (2.0-15.0μg/mL) and a detection limit of (0.37 μg/mL). The mean-centering method for ascorbic acid and folic acid illustrated assessable peak-to-baseline (356.8 nm) and (346 nm) with the linearity of (0.5-12.0μg/mL) and (2.0-15.0μg/mL), and a detection limit of (0.15 μg/mL) and (0.49 μg/mL), respectively. Conclusion: The proposed methods were effectively utilized for the simultaneous quantification of both ascorbic acid and folic acid in laboratory-prepared synthetic mixtures as well as pharmaceutical formulations with reasonable levels of precision, accuracy, and recovery

Investigation of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Production, and Detection of Virulence-associated Genes Among Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii (A.baumannii) is an opportunistic microorganism able to survive in harsh environments and develop resistance to antibiotics often used in hospitals, which makes it one of the most common and pervasive causes of infections in healthcare facilities.The currentstudy was conducted to investigate the existence ofA.baumannii and their antimicrobialresistantpattern, dispersion of Quorum Sensing(QS), and virulent related genes.In this investigation, the identification and susceptibility of 65non-repetitive A. baumannii isolates to antimicrobial drugs were evaluated. The QS encoding genes,and virulence-related genes were detected,and biofilm development was examined.In a total, 65 isolates of A. baumannii, 62 (95.38%) formed biofilm, with the vast majority being strong biofilm produces24(36.92%). The isolates showed a remarkable resistance to the antibiotics commonly used to treat A. baumanniias amikacin, which had a resistance rate of 100% among isolatesd.Results from virulence gene studies were as followscsgA (30.76%), iutA (24.61%), cnfI (16.92%), and cvaC (6.15%). The two QS genes were abal (90.76%) and abaR (87.69%).Our findings confirm that the QSrelated genes (abaI/abaR) were broadly dispersed across A. baumannii clinical isolates and were strongly associated with antibiotic resistance,andcsgA was apredominant virulence gene followed by ituA

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO