Projective Ring Line Encompassing Two-Qubits

The projective line over the (non-commutative) ring of two-by-two matrices with coefficients in GF(2) is found to fully accommodate the algebra of 15 operators - generalized Pauli matrices - characterizing two-qubit systems. The relevant sub-configuration consists of 15 points each of which is either simultaneously distant or simultaneously neighbor to (any) two given distant points of the line. The operators can be identified with the points in such a one-to-one manner that their commutation relations are exactly reproduced by the underlying geometry of the points, with the ring geometrical notions of neighbor/distant answering, respectively, to the operational ones of commuting/non-commuting. This remarkable configuration can be viewed in two principally different ways accounting, respectively, for the basic 9+6 and 10+5 factorizations of the algebra of the observables. First, as a disjoint union of the projective line over GF(2) x GF(2) (the "Mermin" part) and two lines over GF(4) passing through the two selected points, the latter omitted. Second, as the generalized quadrangle of order two, with its ovoids and/or spreads standing for (maximum) sets of five mutually non-commuting operators and/or groups of five maximally commuting subsets of three operators each. These findings open up rather unexpected vistas for an algebraic geometrical modelling of finite-dimensional quantum systems and give their numerous applications a wholly new perspective.Comment: 8 pages, three tables; Version 2 - a few typos and one discrepancy corrected; Version 3: substantial extension of the paper - two-qubits are generalized quadrangles of order two; Version 4: self-dual picture completed; Version 5: intriguing triality found -- three kinds of geometric hyperplanes within GQ and three distinguished subsets of Pauli operator

Aneurysmal bone cyst in proximal phalanx treated without bone grafting

Aneurysmal bone cyst involving the hand are a rare occurrence especially in the proximal phalanx. We report a case of 5 years old female child with proximal phalanx aneurysmal bone cyst treated without bone grafting. Magnetic resonance imaging may show fluid filled spaces but definite diagnosis can only be obtained histologically. It is a benign lesion still it can involve growth plate hence intervention is necessary. The treatment includes curettage with or without bone grafting

Design and Implementation of Modified P&O Algorithm for Industrial Waste Heat Recovery System Using Thermoelectric Module

This paper proposes a novel Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method of thermoelectric power generation for the constant load. This paper reveals the characteristics and the internal resistance of thermoelectric power module (TM). To control the operating point & to extract the maximum power from waste heat using TEG is essential as there is a wastage of heat from Industries, automobiles etc. To fix maximum power point from waste heat, a good number of algorithms has been proposed, one of them is P&O algorithm. Analyzing the thermoelectric power generation system with boost chopper by P&O Method, the output voltage and current of TM are estimated by with only single current sensor. The basic principle of the proposed MPPT control method is discussed, and then confirmed by digital computer simulation using Matlab. Simulation results demonstrate that the output voltage can track the maximum power point voltage by the proposed MPPT control method. The comparative analysis between P&O and modified Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm for extracting the power from thermoelectric array TM is analyzed briefly below

Pelletization as a forage conservation technique: Enhancing feed efficiency and sustainability in livestock

Integrating crop and livestock production, especially with cattle, is vital for food security and economic growth in India.  The livestock sector helps increase farm income, boosts the national economy, and provides employment opportunities for millions of people. However, productivity lags global standards due to shortages of quality feeds, including green fodder, dry fodder, and concentrates. Stagnant fodder crop cultivation and dwindling permanent pastures exacerbate the challenge of meeting the rising demand for milk and meat. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing livestock productivity and sustaining agriculture. This review highlights the importance of fodder pelletization, compressing animal feeds into dense pellets using a pellet mill. Pelleted feeds offer balanced diets, improved digestibility, and nutrient absorption, with benefits including long-lasting preservation, enhanced handling, stability, bulk density, and palatability. Factors influencing the pelleting process, such as ingredient characteristics, drying, grinding, conditioning, steam pressure, and moisture content, are examined in depth. The positive effects of pelleted feed on ruminant growth and productivity, particularly in cattle and goats, are emphasized, including improvements in milk yield, weight gain, and reproductive performance. These findings emphasize the potential of pelletized feed to address challenges related to fodder scarcity, feed wastage, and transportation costs. This provides valuable insights for efficient diet management in livestock production

Analysis, Design and Experimental Validation of Modified Simple Soft Switching DC-DC Boost Converter

This paper investigates a modified simple soft switching dc-dc converter for low power applications. This simple topology uses an auxiliary switch, an inductor and a capacitor to operate the converter without switching losses. The efficiency of the converter is improved by transferring the energy that would be dissipated during the switching to the load. The main switch turns-on with zero current switching (ZCS) and turns-off with zero voltage switching (ZVS), while the auxiliary switch turns-on and turns-off with zero voltage switching (ZVS). The detailed theoretical analysis and the design equations are described. In addition to that, the analysis of proposed converter is demonstrated by both simulation and experimental results for effectiveness of the study.Web of Science16433733

Administration of intrapulmonary sodium polyacrylate to induce lung injury for the development of a porcine model of early acute respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial integrity is a central component in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, experimental models investigating the mechanisms of epithelial injury are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to design and develop an experimental porcine model of ARDS by inducing lung injury with intrapulmonary administration of sodium polyacrylate (SPA). METHODS: The present study was performed at the Centre for Comparative Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. Human alveolar epithelial cells were cultured with several different concentrations of SPA; a bioluminescence technique was used to assess cell death associated with each concentration. In the anesthetized pig model (female Yorkshire X pigs (n = 14)), lung injury was caused in 11 animals (SPA group) by injecting sequential aliquots (5 mL) of 1% SPA gel in aqueous solution into the distal airway via a rubber catheter through an endotracheal tube. The SPA was dispersed throughout the lungs by manual bag ventilation. Three control animals (CON group) underwent all experimental procedures and measurements with the exception of SPA administration. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) ATP concentration after incubation of human alveolar epithelial cells with 0.1% SPA (0.92 ± 0.27 μM/well) was approximately 15% of the value found for the background control (6.30 ± 0.37 μM/well; p < 0.001). Elastance of the respiratory system (E RS) and the lung (E L) increased in SPA-treated animals after injury (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Chest wall elastance (E CW) did not change in SPA-treated animals. There were no differences in E RS, E L, or E CW in the CON group when pre- and post-injury values were compared. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a significant shift toward neutrophil predominance from before to after injury in SPA-treated animals (p < 0.001) but not in the CON group (p = 0.38). Necropsy revealed marked consolidation and congestion of the dorsal lung lobes in SPA-treated animals, with light-microscopy evidence of bronchiolar and alveolar spaces filled with neutrophilic infiltrate, proteinaceous debris, and fibrin deposition. These findings were absent in animals in the CON group. Electron microscopy of lung tissue from SPA-treated animals revealed injury to the alveolar epithelium and basement membranes, including intra-alveolar neutrophils and fibrin on the alveolar surface and intravascular fibrin (microthrombosis). CONCLUSIONS: In this particular porcine model, the nonimmunogenic polymer SPA caused a rapid exudative lung injury. This model may be useful to study ARDS caused by epithelial injury and inflammation

Important Determinants for Fucoidan Bioactivity: A Critical Review of Structure-Function Relations and Extraction Methods for Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Seaweeds

Seaweeds—or marine macroalgae—notably brown seaweeds in the class Phaeophyceae, contain fucoidan. Fucoidan designates a group of certain fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) that have a backbone built of (1→3)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl or of alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl residues, but also include sulfated galactofucans with backbones built of (1→6)-β-d-galacto- and/or (1→2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl units with fucose or fuco-oligosaccharide branching, and/or glucuronic acid, xylose or glucose substitutions. These FCSPs offer several potentially beneficial bioactive functions for humans. The bioactive properties may vary depending on the source of seaweed, the compositional and structural traits, the content (charge density), distribution, and bonding of the sulfate substitutions, and the purity of the FCSP product. The preservation of the structural integrity of the FCSP molecules essentially depends on the extraction methodology which has a crucial, but partly overlooked, significance for obtaining the relevant structural features required for specific biological activities and for elucidating structure-function relations. The aim of this review is to provide information on the most recent developments in the chemistry of fucoidan/FCSPs emphasizing the significance of different extraction techniques for the structural composition and biological activity with particular focus on sulfate groups

A Diagnostic Dilemma: Two Case Reports of Rare Presentations of Swelling in the Medial End of Clavicle

Aim and background: Patients presenting with swellings in the medial end of the clavicle are rare. The most common differential diagnoses include trauma and, less likely, osteomyelitis, arthritis, or neoplasms. Case description: We would like to report two cases which presented to our institute and their management, one of which was a 16-year-old boy diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma (ES) of the clavicle (nonmetastatic). The other was a 47-year-old female diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the medial end of the clavicle. The former patient received a multidisciplinary approach and underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy and had a good functional outcome. The latter underwent surgery, and appropriate culture-sensitive antibiotics were started, and the patient had a good recovery. Conclusion: Swellings in the medial end of the clavicle are rare and can have varying presentations in different age-groups, and it is important to know the possible differentials and how to manage them. Clinical significance: Patients with comparable presentations may have very different diagnoses and courses of treatment; thus, it is best to have multiple differential diagnoses in mind

Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Scaffold

The in vivo biocompatibility and toxicity of PVA/NOCC scaffold were tested by comparing them with those of a biocompatible inert material HAM in a rat model. On Day 5, changes in the blood parameters of the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats were significantly higher than those of the control. The levels of potassium, creatinine, total protein, A/G, hemoglobulin, erythrocytes, WBC, and platelets were not significantly altered in the HAM-implanted rats, when compared with those in the control. On Day 10, an increase in potassium, urea, and GGT levels and a decrease in ALP, platelet, and eosinophil levels were noted in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, when compared with control. These changes were almost similar to those noted in the HAM-implanted rats, except for the unaltered potassium and increased neutrophil levels. On Day 15, the total protein, A/G, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil levels remained unaltered in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, whereas urea, A/G, WBC, lymphocyte, and monocyte levels remained unchanged in the HAM-implanted rats. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed inflammatory infiltration in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, but not in the HAM-implanted rats. Although a low toxic tissue response was observed in the PVA/NOCC-implanted rats, further studies are necessary to justify the use of this material in tissue engineering applications

Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence- Based Models in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Periodontitis is an irreversible disease caused by host-microbe interactions leading to the destruction of tooth-supporting structures. Its complex aetiology makes early diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning challenging but crucial to prevent disease progression. Artificial intelligence (AI) models, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), analyze complex variables, identify patterns, and make accurate predictions. Their use in periodontitis diagnosis can enhance diagnostic accuracy, reduce human error, and provide consistent results. Objectives: This review evaluates the current landscape of AI applications in diagnosing periodontitis, with a focus on CNN-based models used directly or through proxy indicators. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to December 2019. Included studies assessed the diagnostic accuracy of AI models for periodontitis using cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort designs. Aggressive periodontitis cases were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the PROBAST tool, and results are presented as a narrative synthesis. Results: AI models, particularly CNNs, demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for periodontal bone loss using radiographic evidence, often surpassing expert performance. Models like DenseNet and U-Net excelled in segmentation and classification. Challenges included poor image quality, imbalanced datasets, and reliance on proxy indicators, highlighting the need for multivariable approaches. Discussion: AI shows promise in standardizing and scaling periodontitis diagnosis, addressing manpower shortages, and improving outcomes. However, future research should focus on integrating multivariable diagnostic approaches and refining model interpretability for clinical applicability