Sizing and Implementation of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System for Irrigation

Solar photovoltaic systems convert energy of light directly into electrical energy. This work presents, a process to compute the required size of the stand-alone solar photovoltaic generator based water pumping system for an existing area. In addition solar photovoltaic generator is connecting voltage source inverter fed vector controlled induction motor-pump system. Perturb and observe are used for harvesting maximum power of PV generator in between buck-boost DC converter and inverter system. In this paper system result is validated by fuzzy logic system and compare with variable frequency drives based PI controllers, driving motor-pump system. The operational performance at 60 m head, VFD based controllers in terms overshoot and setting time and also analysis performance of motor-pump set under different weather conditions. By assessment of system we find that speed and torque variation, overshoot and settling time is more with PI controller, Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) performance have dominance to VFD based PI controller

Fredholm Equation of First Kind in Borehole Gamma Ray Measurements - Cubic Spline Weighing

The problem in the processing of gamma-ray borehole data is to find out the radioactive zones down the bore depths which vary from 50m to 1000m in various geological formations and subsequent evaluations. The radiation field in the boreholes in cylindrical geometries follows the Fredholm Integral Equation of first kind. And in this work it has been dealt numerically using  cubic spline method to compute the second derivatives of the measured gamma ray intensity at various depths in the borehole. This is achieved by expressing this integral equation as a sum of products of the measured gamma ray intensities and some unknown coefficients which can be computed using Lagrange interpolation method. A finite window is selected for this summation which can be varied. In this paper the three windows have been selected. The logging probe is calibrated in primary borehole standard and then the real data for radiation field in the boreholes is acquired. Three such windows were selected and results for 3, 5, 7 point windows have been presented in this paper.   Keywords: Fredholm Equation, Borehole Gamma Ray Measurements, Cubic Spline Weighing, logging prob

Optimization of Impulse Response for Borehole Gamma Ray Logging

The gamma-ray borehole logging plays a leading role in uranium exploration programs and more so in the estimation of the geological impulse response function in gamma ray intensity which is solely responsible to delineate the radioactive horizons. In the past several attempts have been made to estimate this function numerically, theoretically and heuristically too based on the controlled experiments. However, the present work is an attempt to determine / estimate this geological function by directly using the data of radioactive borehole logging. It is interesting to note in this study that the results obtained by this approach are not only nearer to the results obtained by the earlier attempts but also encourage to study further in detail under different geological formations. The present work is based on the gamma-ray borehole logging data of Yellapur area, Nalgonda dist., A.P, India, for the estimation of the geological function. Keywords: Gamma ray logging, uranium exploration, geological response, radioactive zones, exponential behavior, geological formations, exponential integral of first kind, Bessel Functions of first and second kind, gamma ray probe, gamma ray transport theory, field measurement

Mathematical Modeling Using Sturm-Liouville System of Differential Equations to Physical Problems

A few exactly solvable electrical conductivities useful in electromagnetic induction studies for Maxwell equations without displacement current have been evaluated by using Sturm-Liouville system of differential equations of the second order. A few solvable conductivities for the well-known Bessel, Stokes equations have also been presented Keywords: Bessel, Stokes, Maxwell, equations, conductivities, magnetotellurics, electric field, magnetic field, induction

CHARACTERIZATION OF XANTHOMONAS AXONOPODIS PV. PUNICAE ISOLATES FROM WESTERN MAHARASHTRA AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae is a major biotic constraint in peninsular India. Field survey was undertaken in the major pomegranate growing regions of Western Maharashtra, which revealed the high prevalence of bacterial blight incidence in Solapur, Sangli and Nashik districts. Four different isolates of this pathogen were obtained from the highly infected plant materials collected during the field survey. X. axonopodis pv. punicae was detected from infected plant material and its identity was confirmed by morphological, physiological, hypersensitive and pathogenicity tests. Nashik isolate was most virulent. On Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis they formed separate clusters with Akkalkot-Solapur isolate being most divergent, while Deola-Nashik and Sangamner-Ahmednagar isolates were most similar. Six chemical treatments showed complete control under in vitro conditions while rest varied in their response to isolates. Complete control in all four isolates was observed with Bordeaux mixture (1%); captan (0.25%) + Copper oxychloride (0.3%), captan (0.25%) + copper hydroxide (0.3%), bromopol (500 ppm) + copper oxychloride (0.3%), streptocycline (250 ppm) + copper hydroxide (0.3%), streptocycline (500 ppm) + copper hydroxide (0.3%) during in vitro study

Engineered Peptides for Applications in Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery and Tumor Detection

Cancer-targeting peptides as ligands for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs or drug carriers have the potential to significantly enhance the selectivity and the therapeutic benefit of current chemotherapeutic agents. Identification of tumor-specific biomarkers like integrins, aminopeptidase N, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the popularity of phage display techniques along with synthetic combinatorial methods used for peptide design and structure optimization have fueled the advancement and application of peptide ligands for targeted drug delivery and tumor detection in cancer treatment, detection and guided therapy. Although considerable preclinical data have shown remarkable success in the use of tumor targeting peptides, peptides generally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics, enzymatic instability, and weak receptor affinity, and they need further structural modification before successful translation to clinics is possible. The current review gives an overview of the different engineering strategies that have been developed for peptide structure optimization to confer selectivity and stability. We also provide an update on the methods used for peptide ligand identification, and peptide-receptor interactions. Additionally, some applications for the use of peptides in targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and diagnostics over the past 5 years are summarized

Sediment Transport Model for a Surface Irrigation System

Controlling irrigation-induced soil erosion is one of the important issues of irrigation management and surface water impairment. Irrigation models are useful in managing the irrigation and the associated ill effects on agricultural environment. In this paper, a physically based surface irrigation model was developed to predict sediment transport in irrigated furrows by integrating an irrigation hydraulic model with a quasi-steady state sediment transport model to predict sediment load in furrow irrigation. The irrigation hydraulic model simulates flow in a furrow irrigation system using the analytically solved zero-inertial overland flow equations and 1D-Green-Ampt, 2D-Fok, and Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equations. Performance of the sediment transport model was evaluated for bare and cropped furrow fields. The results indicated that the sediment transport model can predict the initial sediment rate adequately, but the simulated sediment rate was less accurate for the later part of the irrigation event. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the sediment module showed that the soil erodibility coefficient was the most influential parameter for determining sediment load in furrow irrigation. The developed modeling tool can be used as a water management tool for mitigating sediment loss from the surface irrigated fields