Tonsillar ectopia in idiopathic scoliosis: does it play a role in the pathogenesis and prognosis or is it only an incidental finding?

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: There is an ongoing controversy about the significance of tonsillar ectopia among patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS). AIM: To find out if tonsillar ectopia occurs more frequently among patients with IS and if it plays any etiological or prognostic role in IS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 155 consecutive spine MRIs (79 patients with IS and 76 controls; aged 7-25 years; 55% were female) with regard to the position of the cerebellar tonsils in relation to foramen magnum and the sagittal diameter of foramen magnum. All images were evaluated independently by two neuroradiologists. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability analysis was performed by calculation of kappa-value, intraclass correlation coefficient, and systematic and random errors. The occurrence of tonsillar ectopia among patients with IS and controls was estimated and the association of tonsillar ectopia with different predictors has been tested. Statistical significance was set to P </= 0.05. RESULTS: The interobserver and intraobserver agreement with regard to the occurrence of tonsillar ectopia was almost perfect (kappa 0.84 and 0.89, respectively). Tonsillar ectopia was found in 37% of patients with IS compared with 13% among controls (p < 0.001 and odds ratio of 3.8, 95% CI 1.7-8.5). The occurrence of tonsillar ectopia was not associated with the severity of scoliotic deformity (p = 0.85), or rapid progression of scoliosis (p = 0.76). Neurological deficit occurs twice as frequently in patients with tonsillar ectopia as in those with no tonsillar ectopia. Two of five patients with tonsillar ectopia showed improvement of their neurological deficit after the surgical correction of scoliosis. CONCLUSION: As tonsillar ectopia is significantly more frequent among patients with IS and may exhibit some prognostic utility in patients with neurological deficit, we forward the hypothesis that tonsillar ectopia may play a role in the development of the deformity in some patients with IS. However, occurrence of tonsillar ectopia among 13% of controls precludes stating a definitive role of tonsillar ectopia in the pathogenesis of IS. Some patients with IS, tonsillar ectopia and neurological deficit showed neurological improvement following the surgical correction of scoliosis

IUC24418-84 Biomarkers detecting minimal residual disease for predicting risk of relapse in operable urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase II/III clinical trials

Background: Non-metastatic urothelial cancers (UC), whether non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) (Tis/Ta/T1) or MIBC (T2/T3/T4), are known for high recurrence and variable treatment response, henceforth warranting reliable biomarkers to guide therapy and surveillance. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and urinary assays show promise, but their clinical utility remains uncertain. Our objective was to systematically review and evaluate biomarkers detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) post-surgery for predicting the risk of relapse. Methods: Our systematic review included a MEDLINE database search for phase II/III clinical trials implementing blood or urine biomarkers detecting MRD (intervention) vs standard of care, that is, without biomarkers (comparator) in adult patients with operable UC (population). Out of 1,667 records from 2006 to June 2025, 16 underwent a full text screen, with 2 meeting inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis using RStudio assessed the association between biomarker positivity and disease recurrence. Results: Two clinical trials—a single-center parallel-arm, phase II (PMID 39406613, NCT01687244) on NMIBC and a multi-center randomized controlled phase III (PMID 34135506, NCT02450331) on MIBC were included. Out of 598 pooled evaluable patients, 581 underwent blood-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing, whereas 18 had urine-based urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) profiling. Biomarker positivity was associated with MRD presence. A random-effects meta-analysis combining both trials yielded a pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 6.19 (95% CI: 4.42-8.69) for disease recurrence in biomarker-positive vs biomarker-negative patients. This indicates a significantly increased risk of relapse associated with MRD positivity. On individual analysis, ctDNA was strongly associated with disease recurrence (HR: 6.30; 95% CI, 4.45-8.92; P < .0001), whereas utDNA also showed significant association, albeit with higher uncertainty (HR: 4.60; 95% CI, 1.07-19.77; P = .04). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that blood-based ctDNA and urine-based utDNA are effective markers of MRD in operable UC. Both were predictive of the risk of relapse, although ctDNA demonstrated relatively more precise prognostic performance than utDNA. Incorporating these biomarkers into clinical surveillance protocols may enable early detection of relapse and guide post-treatment monitoring

Left convex thoracic scoliosis: retrospective analysis of 25 patients after surgical treatment

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective analysis of clinical and radiological data was conducted, with an emphasis on perioperative complications and risk factors and a minimum follow-up period of two years. The postoperative quality of life was assessed using the SRS-22 questionnaire. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2009, 25 patients (nine male, 16 female) with LCTS, with a mean age of 13.7 years (2.3-29.8 years), were treated with correction and instrumented fusion at a single institution. Seven patients had congenital scoliosis and 18 patients had noncongenital scoliosis (idiopathic, n = 5; neuropathic, n = 4; neoplasm-associated/iatrogenic, n = 3; secondary to other conditions, n = 6). The average preoperative Cobb angle was 74° (49-102°). RESULTS: A mean correction of 51% was achieved postoperatively. The mean Cobb angle at the final follow-up examination was 45° (19-85°), with a significant loss of correction of 8.8° on average. Major complications affected five patients (20%): respiratory insufficiency requiring prolonged intubation, intraoperative cardiac arrest with resuscitation being necessary twice in one patient, persistent clonus, low-grade infection, implant-based complications requiring revision surgery, and adding-on. Minor complications were observed in 22 patients (88%), mainly gastrointestinal and pulmonary. No cases of paraplegia or death occurred. A noncongenital etiology had been diagnosed before the age of 10 years in all of the patients who had major complications. The best score on the SRS-22 questionnaire was achieved in the domain of pain (87%), while the poorest was in the domain of self-image (68%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study emphasize an increased complication rate in patients with LCTS scheduled for scoliosis surgery. Additional preoperative examinations (MRI, paediatric consultation, cardiologic consultation, pulmonary function test) are mandatory in patients with LCTS. Preoperatively, patients should be informed about the increased cardiopulmonary and neurological risk which may be associated with scoliosis surgery.OBJETIVO: Fue realizado un análisis retrospectivo de datos clínicos y radiológicos, con énfasis en complicaciones perioperatorias y factores de riesgos, y un período mínimo de seguimiento de 2 años. La calidad de vida posoperatoria fue evaluada usándose el cuestionario SRS-22. MÉTODOS: entre 1999 y 2009, 25 pacientes (nueve del sexo masculino, 16 del sexo femenino) con ETCI, con edad promedio de 13,7 años (2,3 - 29,8 años) fueron tratados con corrección y fusión instrumentada, en una única institución. Siete pacientes tenían escoliosis congénita y 18 pacientes tenían escoliosis no congénita (idiopática, n = 5; neuropática, n = 4; asociada a neoplasma/iatrogénica, n = 3; secundaria de otras condiciones, n = 6). El ángulo de Cobb preoperativo promedio fue 74º (49-102º). RESULTADOS: una corrección promedio de 51% fue alcanzada después de la operación. El ángulo de Cobb promedio, en el examen final de seguimiento, fue 45º (19-85º), con una pérdida significativa de corrección de 8,8º en promedio. Complicaciones graves afectaron a cinco pacientes (20%): insuficiencia respiratoria que requirió intubación prolongada, paro cardíaco intraoperativo con resucitación siendo necesaria dos veces para un paciente, clonus persistente, infección leve, complicaciones con implantes que precisaron de otra cirugía, y accesorios. Complicaciones de menor importancia fueron observadas en 22 pacientes (88%), principalmente gastrointestinales y pulmonares. No ocurrieron casos de paraplejía ni de muerte. Una etiología no congénita fue diagnosticada, antes de la edad de 10 años, en todos los pacientes que tuvieron complicaciones graves. La mejor puntuación en el cuestionario SRS-22 fue obtenida en el dominio de dolor (87%), mientras que la peor se registró en el dominio de la autoimagen (68%). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio enfatizan una tasa de complicación aumentada en pacientes portadores de ETCI con programación de cirugía de escoliosis. Exámenes preoperatorios adicionales (IRM, consulta pediátrica, consulta cardiológica, prueba de función pulmonar) son obligatorios en pacientes con ETCI. Antes de la operación, los pacientes deben ser informados sobre los mayores riesgos cardiopulmonar y neurológico que pueden estar vinculados a la cirugía de escoliosis.OBJETIVO: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo baseado em parâmetros clínicos e radiológicos, com ênfase nas complicações, fatores de risco e seguimento mínimo de dois anos. A qualidade de vida pós-operatória foi avaliada por meio do questionário SRS-22. MÉTODOS: No período de 1999 a 2009, 25 pacientes (nove do sexo masculino e 16 do sexo feminino) com idade variando de 2,3 a 29,8 anos (média de idade de 13,7 anos) foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico por meio de instrumentação e artrodese. Sete pacientes apresentavam escoliose congenital, cinco apresentavam escoliose idiopática, quatro neuropática, três associada à neoplasia ou iatrogenia, e seis associada a outras doenças. A média dos valores pré-operatórios do ângulo de Cobb foi 74° (49-102°). RESULTADOS: A média de correção no pós-operatório foi de 51%. Na avaliação de seguimento final, o valor médio do ângulo de Cobb foi 45° com variação de 19 a 85°, tendo ocorrido significante perda da correção com o valor médio de 8.8°. Complicações maiores ocorreram em cinco pacientes (20%): insuficiência respiratória requerendo entubação prolongada, parada cardíaca intraoperatória com ressuscitação, clônus persistente, infecção de baixo grau, complicações com implantes requerendo revisão cirúrgica, e descompensação do tronco. Complicações menores foram observadas em 22 pacientes (88%), sendo principalmente gastrointestinais e pulmonares. Nenhum caso de paraplegia ou morte ocorreu na série de pacientes estudados. As curvas de etiologia não congênita foram diagnosticadas antes dos 10 anos de idade em todos os pacientes que apresentaram complicações maiores. O melhor escore do questionário SRS-22 foi observado no domínio da dor (87%), e o pior no domínio da autoimagem (68%). CONCLUSÕES: O resultado do estudo enfatiza as altas taxas de complicação nos pacientes portadores de escoliose torácica sinistro-convexa que são submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. Avaliações pré-operatórias adicionais (RNM, avaliação pediátrica, avaliação cardiológica, teste de função pulmonar) devem ser realizadas nesse grupo de pacientes. Antes do procedimento, os pacientes devem ser informados acerca do alto risco de complicações cardiopulmonares e neurológicas associadas ao tratamento cirúrgico da deformidade