Disaster relief operations: past, present and future

The aim of the preface is to introduce the scope of this special issue (SI). We explain our editorial approach and summarise our findings based on articles included in this SI. Finally, we outline future research questions which stemmed out of the discussions of this SI

Comparison o f fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth with tow different post and core system

Introduction: most endodontically treated teeth need post and core restoration to do acceptablepercentage of their function but selection of proper post and core system can be difficult andambiguous .this study compared the effect of cast post and core and fiberglass post and core systemon the fracture resistance and fracture pattern of crowned endodontically treated teeth.Material and method: A total of 30 recently extracted human canines with their crown removedwere endodontically treated. Two groups of 15 specimens were formed. Teeth were restored withcast post core in the 1st group and with fiberglass post in the 2ndgroup. All posts were cementedwith panavia F2 adhesive system. All fiber posts were restored with composite core. Cemented withzinc phosphate cement. Each specimen embedded in acrylic resin and then scored in universal load-testing machine (Instron). A compressive load was applied at a 45 angle to the long axis of thetooth until fracture at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min.Result: the Fracture resistance of 2 groups according to the (t) test analysis didn't have anysignificant difference. The mean fracture resistance of the teeth restored with cast - post systemwere 1489.33 ± 1045.34 and facture resistance of the teeth restored with fiber glass were 1195.93± 624.12.teeth restored with cast post exhibited higher fracture resistance than the other group.Fracture that occur in teeth restored with fiberglass post and composite core usually arerestorable and %80 of fracture that occur in teeth restored with cast post and core are notrestorable.Discussion: considering that fracture resistance of teeth in tow groups evaluated in this studywere not significantly different and fracture of tooth restored with Fiber glass post were from apoint that was more easily restorable , compare to cast post and core if seems reasonable to useFiber glass post in appropriate cases. Although it is suggested to do and evaluate other clinicalstudy's in long term.Key word: Post and Core technique, Fiber glass post, fracture resistanc

Production and Trade Situation in Iran and USA and Impact of Exchange rate Volatility on the Exports

In the present study, pistachio production and trade and influential factors on its exports in Iran and the USA are compared the the .Using the annual data from 1970 to 2011; this study aimed to analyze the effects of pistachio price and the effects of food security. Moreover, the relationship between exchange rate and pistachio export in the Iranian economy was analyzed through examining a non linear relation between the two factors. Therefore, the hypothesis validation upon nonlinearity relationship between exchange rate and pistachio export was analyzed using smooth transition autoregressive model (STAR). The results of smooth transition model (STAR) show that there is a nonlinear Granger causality between exchange rate and pistachio export and vice versa. It is therefore recommended ,in order to determine the threshold level of potential benefits of pistachio exports, the existence of the nonlinear relationship between the dynamic exchange rate and pistachio exports should be considered. Furthermore, in order to maintain market share in the international level, understanding target markets of export and achieving complete information upon the position of the major competitors in the production and trade of Pistachio is essential

The Comparison of Bacterial Contamination in Different Stages of Fixed Restoration

Introduction: Cross infection control is of a great concern and great attention should be paid to it.Dentistry offices and laboratories are predisposed to make and transmit contamination; Thereforeboth dentists and laboratory director shall regard cross infection control policies in order toprevent dental cross contamination between patients and personnel. The aim of this research was toasses the quality of bacterial contamination in fixed restoration in different stage of preparation.Methods and materials: In this descriptive analytical study, samples were obtained from 75 crownand bridges in metal frame work. Bisque and glaze stage and microbial cultures were taken.Information's were statistically analyzed by MC Namara Analysis.Results: From 75 samples, 37 (%49.32) were contaminated. Prevalence of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria was as follows: Staphylococcus in 27 cases (%72.97), Bacteriallus 7 in cases(%18.91), Klebsilla in 2 cases (%15.40), and E-coli in 1 case (%2.72). The difference between thisstages was not statistically significant (p value = 0.754).Discussion: Staphylococcus is the most commonly found bacteria in fixed restorations. It may bedue to handling restorations without gloves. According to 49.32% contamination, infection controlin procedures is essentia

Critical evaluation on steganography metrics

The objective of Steganography is to hide the information inside other data in order to avoid being spotted by the strangers. Steganography is an old-fashioned art that has been reborn in current years. This current paper provides a literature review on the security of Steganography organization and emphasizes on its measurements. The proposed algorithm introduces a novel hashing and encoding algorithm to generate a digital signature. Later, it has been embedded into the original data which doesnt require extra bandwidth for communication by signature

The effect of spiritual care on quality of life of patients with amputation caused by diabetes type 2: a clinical trial

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate effect of a spiritual care on quality of life of patients with amputation caused by diabetes type 2. METHODS: The current study was a clinical trial. Fifty four patients with amputation caused by diabetes type 2 referred to Al-Zahra hospital at Isfahan was allocated to two case and control groups. Spiritual care training including transcendental meditation (T.M) technique was established for case group. Participants in case group performed four weeks of meditation technique following participating in sessions of meditation technique training. Data gathering was done using a standard tool to assess quality of life in patients with diabetes (diabetes quality of life: DQOL). Data was analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Mean score of quality of life in the four areas of quality of life was not significantly different among case and control groups at baseline, however, mean score of quality of life in case group (2.25 ± 0.56) was significantly better than control group (2.52 ± 0.38) after intervention (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given findings of the study, it seems that spiritual care can improve quality of life of patients with amputation caused by diabetes type 2