A Comparison and Investigation of Frequency and Method of Interaction between the Writer and the Reader in Persian & English Teaching Texts

The main goal of a writer, when he/she writes a text, is to draw the reader’s attention to the text, and to make them converge with it. Therefore, a reading text includes an interaction between the writer and the reader. This interaction in instructional texts leads to a better learning by the language learners.There are some markers in the reading texts that create an interaction between the writer and the reader,and lead to a better comprehensionbythe reader of the text he/she is reading and a more detailed understanding.The use of these interactional markers in texts is an undeniable necessity. This study investigates the frequency of using these markers in Persian and English written texts by native speakers of Persian and non-Persians within the Hyland’sInteractional Model (Hyland, 2005), and analyzes the method of interaction between the writer and the reader in 3 categories of scientific articles (Persian articles by native speakers of Persian,Persian articles by nonnative speakers of Persian, English articles by non-Persians).This study is both quantitative and qualitative. The analysis of the data shows that the highest use of interactional markers in the whole corpus is in “personal asides” and the lowest use is in “interrogative sentences”.Furthermore, having in mind that these markers are divided into “stance” and “engagement” markers, in the stance marker category in Persian articles by native speakers of Persian and English articles by non-Persians, the highest use of these markers includes the “hedges” and the lowest useincludes “attitude markers,” and in Persian articles by non-native speakers of Persian, the highest frequency of use is that of “boosters” andthe lowest, like the other two categories, is that of “attitude markers”. Also, in the engagement category, in Persian articles by native speakers of Persian and Persian articles by non-native speakers of Persian, the highest frequency of useis that of “personal asides” and the lowest is that of “directives,” and in English articles by non-Persians, the highest frequency of use, like the other aforementioned categories includes “personal asides” and the lowest includes “interrogative sentences.

The analyses of dynamic response and reliability of fuzzy-random truss under stationary stochastic excitation

A new two-factor method based on theprobability and the fuzzy sets theory is used for the analyses of the dynamic response and reliability of fuzzy-random truss systems under the stationary stochastic excitation. Considering the fuzzy-randomness of the structural physical parameters and geometric dimensions simultaneously, the fuzzy-random correlation function matrix of structural displacement response in time domain and the fuzzy-random mean square values of structural dynamic response in frequency domain are developed by using the two-factor method, and the fuzzy numerical characteristics of dynamic responses are then derived. Based on numerical characteristics of structural fuzzy-random dynamic responses, the structural fuzzy-random dynamic reliability and its fuzzy numerical characteristic are obtained from the Poisson equation. The effects of the uncertainty of the structural parameters on structural dynamic response and reliability are illustrated via two engineering examples and some important conclusions are obtained. © Springer-Verlag 2010

Antimicrobial effect of essential oils: a systematic review

Regarding the harmful effects of chemical foods preservatives on human body, it is crucial to find out safe antimicrobials among essential oils and herbs. This study aimed to address the effects of different essential oils on various bacterial species through a systematic review. A wide range of published papers in national and international data bases have been searched for the relevant articles. For this reason, the keywords used in searching were: "essential oils in food", "antimicrobial effect" and "vegetable oils". Among 462 retrieved articles, 76 papers were selected for further reviewing based on their title and abstracts. Based on results, the antimicrobial effects of different essential oils on pathogenic and spoilage organisms were compared. Moreover, the most effective as well as the least effective essential oils on microbial growth were identified. It was concluded that essential oils are more effective on gram positive bacteria rather than gram negatives. Besides, it was evident that some essential oils negatively affected the useful organisms such as lactobacilli