Metsälain erityisen tärkeiden elinympäristöjen kartoituksen laadun ja luotettavuuden analyysi

Metsälain erityisen tärkeiden elinympäristöjen (METE) kartoitusprojektin tavoitteena on kartoittaa METE-kohteet kaikissa yksityisissä talousmetsissä. Kartoitusprojekti on Metsätalouden kehittämiskeskus Tapion ja alueellisten metsäkeskusten yhteishanke, joka on toteutettu maa- ja metsätalousministeriön toimeksiannosta metsäkeskuksissa erillisprojektina sekä normaalin metsäsuunnittelun yhteydessä. Tässä raportoitavan analyysin tarkoitus on arvioida METE-kartoitusprojektin ja sen tuottaman aineiston laatua ja luotettavuutta. Analyysimme keskittyy tutkimaan pääasiassa aineiston yleistä laatua, ajan vaikutusta aineistoon, kartoittajan vaikutusta aineistoon sekä metsäkeskusten välistä vertailukelpoisuutta. Muuttujia, joita aineistosta voi analysoida, ovat METE-kohteiden pinta-alat, kuolleen puuston tiedot, monimuotoisuuskoodien ja lisämääreiden käyttö sekä lajiston kartoitustiedot. Lisäksi tutkimme METE-kartoitusprojektin laadunvarmistuskartoituksen tuloksia sekä LUOTSI-tietokantaan tallennettuja tietoja. Kartoitusperusteissa on kartoituksen edetessä tapahtunut systemaattisia muutoksia. Tämä näkyy esimerkiksi siinä, että kohteiden pinta-ala pienenee ja kuolleen puuston tilavuus kasvaa kartoituksen edetessä. Kartoitusvuoden lisäksi kartoittajien ja metsäkeskusten välillä on eroja kartoitusperusteissa. Aineistossa esiintyy myös virheitä ja puutteita. Virheistä vakavimpina voidaan pitää niitä, jotka koskevat lisämäärettä eli sitä, onko kohde metsälain tarkoittama erityisen arvokas elinympäristö vai ei. Puutteista vakavin on se, että nollaa ei ole systemaattisesti käytetty kuvaamaan sitä, että esimerkiksi kuolleen puuston tilavuus on kohteelta kartoitettu mutta, että sitä ei ole, ja tyhjää havaintoa kuvaamaan sitä, että tietoa ei ole kerätty. Kuolleen puuston tiedot ja lajistotiedot ovat hyvin puutteellisia eikä niitä tule käyttää missään yhteydessä METE-kohteiden kuvaamiseen. Myös LUOTSI-tietokanta ja karttatiedosto, jossa kartoitustieto on merkittynä, sisältävät virheitä: Noin joka kymmenennen kohteen lisämääreessä on jokin virhe. Laadunvarmistuskartoituksen perusteella viidennes kohteista on vielä löytämättä ja joka kolmas kohde on lisämääreen, monimuotoisuuden tai pinta-alan suhteen virheellisesti kartoitettu. Analyysimme perusteella on selvää, että varsin suuri osa kohteista on vielä löytämättä. Lisäksi on selvää, että jo löydetyt kohteet on kartoitettu erilaisin perustein ja, että löydetyillä kohteilla on paljon virheitä. Monet virheistä ovat vakavia, koska ne koskevat lisämäärettä eli sitä, onko kohde lain tarkoittama erityisen tärkeä elinympäristö vai ei. Tulevaisuudessa kartoituksen jatkuessa normaalin metsäsuunnittelun yhteydessä huomiota on kiinnitettävä siihen, että METE-kohteet, joita ei vielä ole löydetty, tulevat löydetyiksi. Erityistä huomiota on kiinnitettävä kuitenkin siihen, että jo olemassa olevien kohteiden status tarkastetaan ja, että uusien kohteiden lisämääre tulee kerralla määritettyä oikein

Home-range use patterns and movements of the Siberian flying squirrel in urban forests: Effects of habitat composition and connectivity

Peer reviewe

The effect of landscape structure on dispersal distances of the Eurasian red squirrel

Landscape structure can affect dispersal and gene flow in a species. In urban areas, buildings, roads, and small habitat patches make the landscape highly fragmented and can inhibit movement and affect dispersal behavior. Similarly, in rural forested areas, large open areas, such as fields, may act as barriers to movement. We studied how landscape structure affects natal dispersal distances of Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in an urban area and a rural area in Finland, by monitoring juvenile red squirrels with radio telemetry. We observed extremely long dispersal distancesup to 16kmin the rural study area, but shorter distanceson average only half a kilometerin the urban study area. The landscape structure affected the eventual dispersal paths; in the rural landscape, dispersers favored spruce dominated areas and avoided fields along their dispersal route, although they occasionally even crossed wide fields. In the urban landscape, squirrels preferred areas with deciduous or coniferous trees. The movement steps made by dispersers were longer in the more hostile landscape compared to forested areas. Despite these effects on movement path, the landscape structure only had a minor effect on straight line dispersal distances moved from the natal nest. In other words, individuals moved longer distances and were likely to circumvent barriers in their path, but this did not affect how far they settled from their natal home. This result indicates that, although landscape structure has obvious effects on movement, it still may have only a small effect on other aspects of the population, for example, gene flow

Changes in the distribution of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in urban areas in Great Britain: findings and limitations of a media-driven nationwide survey

Urbanization is one of the major forms of habitat alteration occurring at the present time. Although this is typically deleterious to biodiversity, some species flourish within these human-modified landscapes, potentially leading to negative and/or positive interactions between people and wildlife. Hence, up-to-date assessment of urban wildlife populations is important for developing appropriate management strategies. Surveying urban wildlife is limited by land partition and private ownership, rendering many common survey techniques difficult. Garnering public involvement is one solution, but this method is constrained by the inherent biases of non-standardised survey effort associated with voluntary participation. We used a television-led media approach to solicit national participation in an online sightings survey to investigate changes in the distribution of urban foxes in Great Britain and to explore relationships between urban features and fox occurrence and sightings density. Our results show that media-based approaches can generate a large national database on the current distribution of a recognisable species. Fox distribution in England and Wales has changed markedly within the last 25 years, with sightings submitted from 91% of urban areas previously predicted to support few or no foxes. Data were highly skewed with 90% of urban areas having <30 fox sightings per 1000 people km-2. The extent of total urban area was the only variable with a significant impact on both fox occurrence and sightings density in urban areas; longitude and percentage of public green urban space were respectively, significantly positively and negatively associated with sightings density only. Latitude, and distance to nearest neighbouring conurbation had no impact on either occurrence or sightings density. Given the limitations associated with this method, further investigations are needed to determine the association between sightings density and actual fox density, and variability of fox density within and between urban areas in Britain

Energiförbrukning och potentiell energibesparing vid badanläggningar : förstudie /

1. The relative contributions of habitat and food availability on fitness may provide evidence for key habitat features needed to safeguard population persistence. However, defining habitat quality for a species can be a complex task, especially if knowledge on the relationship between individual performance and habitat quality is lacking. 2. Here, we determined the relative importance of availability of suitable forest habitat, body mass, and food from masting tree species on female lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans). 3. We calculated LRS of 500 female flying squirrels based on a 22 year-long longitudinal data set of two populations from western Finland. We assessed with generalised additive models the potential effects of availability of suitable habitat and cumulative lifetime availability of food from masting tree species on female LRS, longevity and fecundity. On a reduced dataset, we evaluated the importance of female winter body mass and conducted a piecewise path analysis to determine how variables were connected. 4. According to generalised additive models female longevity, fecundity and LRS were mainly determined by variation in cumulative lifetime availability of food from masting alder and birch. Instead, habitat and body mass had smaller role. The path analysis indicated that lifetime food availability had direct effect on longevity and fecundity, and these had equal effect on LRS at both study sites. 5. Our results on LRS shows that the occurrence of tree masting events during a flying squirrel female’s lifetime have profoundly larger effect on lifetime reproductive success than the cover of suitable forest habitat. Furthermore, this study emphasises the importance of both fecundity and longevity, and the indirect effects of food availability via those components, as determinants of lifetime fitness of female flying squirrels

The effect of buffer strip width and selective logging on streamside plant communities

Abstract Background Riparian forests surrounding streams host high biodiversity values, but are threatened by clear-cut logging. Narrow buffer strips of about 15 m are commonly left between the stream and the clear-cut, but studies suggest that the buffer width should be at least 30 m to protect riparian plant communities. Moreover, selective logging is often allowed on the buffer strips in order to increase economic gain. We used an experiment of 43 riparian sites where buffer strip width and selective logging within the strip were manipulated and supplemented with unlogged control sites. We report the short-term changes in the community composition of vascular plants and mosses near the stream (0–15 m distance). Results 15-meter buffers are not enough to protect the vascular plant communities from changes caused by a clear-cut irrespective of the selective logging on the buffer strip. For moss communities 15-m buffers were not enough if they were selectively logged. Relative to the control sites, we observed no significant changes in community composition of vascular plants or mosses in the sites with 30-m buffer strips, whether selectively logged or not. Conclusions We conclude that buffer strips of 15 m are not sufficient to protect streamside plant communities even in the short term, but that buffers of 30 m should be left on both sides of the stream. Selective logging appears not to have effects on buffers that are at least 30 m wide. Thus, it may be more reasonable to increase buffer width and to allow selective logging on the wider buffer in order to compensate for the economic losses than to leave all trees on a narrow and ecologically insufficient buffer

Invasive species control with apex predators: increasing presence of wolves is associated with reduced occurrence of the alien raccoon dog

The role of an alien predator in the community depends on its interaction with native predators. The absence of apex predators may facilitate outbreaks of invasive mesopredators, but the effect of apex predators may vary between species and environments. We analysed the occurrence of a common invasive mesopredator in Europe, the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), and native mesopredators, the red fox and the Eurasian badger, in camera-trap data from Finland. The observations in cameras were analysed in relation to the presence of apex predators in the landscape (grey wolf and Eurasian lynx), human density, and habitat. We observed negative effect of increasing presence of wolves and lynxes on the occurrence of raccoon dogs. This effect appeared clear compared to the effects of habitat and human density. The effect of lynxes on raccoon dogs was clearer in areas with short growth season. For the occurrence of badgers, the presence of wolves had a weak negative effect and the presence of lynxes had a positive effect. For the occurrence of red foxes, wolves had a positive effect when agricultural fields were sparse in the landscape and lynxes had no effect. We also observed that the invasive raccoon dog currently appears to be the most common mesopredator within the study area. We conclude that the effect of apex predators on mesopredators depends on the environment and, in our case, was more suppressive on the alien mesopredator than on the native mesopredators. Thus, apex predators can play an important role in controlling invasive mesopredators

Landscape homogenization due to agricultural intensification disrupts the relationship between reproductive success and main prey abundance in an avian predator

Selecting high-quality habitat and the optimal time to reproduce can increase individual fitness and is a strong evolutionary factor shaping animal populations. However, few studies have investigated the interplay between land cover heterogeneity, limitation in food resources, individual quality and spatial variation in fitness parameters. Here, we explore how individuals of different quality respond to possible mismatches between a cue for prey availability (land cover heterogeneity) and the actual fluctuating prey abundance.Peer reviewe