Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

Sustainable siting and design optimization of hybrid renewable energy system : A geospatial multi-criteria analysis

The use of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) holds great promise for sustainable electrification and support countries reaching their energy access goals. The site selection and design of HRES are strategic stages towards ensuring an affordable, sustainable, and well-performing project. However, both are multidimensional and intricate issues that involve multiple conflicting assessment criteria and alternatives, which are not yet investigated comprehensively and simultaneously in many of the existing literature. In this context, the paper aims to develop a systematic and conceptual decision-making framework for site suitability and optimal design of HRESs, with an application on a regional scale in Kenya, Sub-Saharan Africa. The suggested framework is applied through three consecutive phases. First, a geographical information system (GIS) is combined with Best Worst Method (BWM) decision-making approach to spatially investigate and analyze the potential sites of solar, wind, and hybrid solar/wind systems. Within the spatial investigation, 9 different climatology, environment, location, and orography criteria are considered. Second, energy-economy-ecology (E3) design optimization is conducted to determine the list of feasible alternatives among grid-extension, autonomous HRES, and stand-alone diesel genset electrification schemes for powering a representative remote rural village in Kenya. Third, a post-optimality multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) analysis is applied to decide and assess the optimal energy access design against 12 key sustainability indicators. In the third phase, the BWM is employed to define the weights of each indicator. Then, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and the VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) decision making approaches are used for the final ranking of feasible alternatives. The obtained site suitability maps of Kenya show that 0.91% (5322 km2) and 1.5% (8828.4 km2) of the land is highly suitable, 10.25% (59687 km2) and 33.04% (192360 km2) is suitable, and 80.5% (470313 km2) and 65% (378407 km2) is permanently unsuitable for establishing solar and wind systems, respectively. Also, E3-MCDM results indicate that the development of solar/wind/diesel/battery HRES is the best sustainable solution to supply the studied region as compared to other feasible alternatives. The system does not only guarantee a reliable operation with an unmet load of 552 kWh/yr, but it also has the lowest net present and energy costs at 2.6 M$and 0.28$/kWh, respectively, meanwhile avoiding annual CO2 of 804 tons compared with diesel system.</p

A Critical Review of Recent Development in Li-Ion Battery Cooling Using Advance Phase Change Materials

Electric vehicles (EVs) can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions, compared to traditional fuel vehicles and also effectively reduced the severe increasing pollution from transportation sector. EVs technology are the alternative of petrol/diesel vehicles, however performance of the power batteries in the major concerns. Li-ion battery (LiBs) are very sensitive to the temperature, which drastically affect the lifespan, thermal performance and safety. Battery thermal management (BTMSs) in thus an essential and it can considerably decrease the adversative effect of high battery cells temperature. In this regard, this work presents a detailed review of BTMSs using phase change materials (PCMs), including metal-foam based PCM, nano-particles dispersed PCM and fin insertion in PCM. It is found that the PCM through utilization of nano-particles possesses excellent thermal properties for effective heat dissipation of the battery pack and highly advantageous. In future, advanced BTMS for fast-charging EVs working at high temperature, hydride BTMS through utilization of heat pipes with forced air cooling and nano-particles will be advantageous. The tactic presented for battery cooling herein can be utilized by the EV industry in fast-charging based vehicle conditions.</jats:p