NOISE EMISSION CAUSED BY TRANSPORT IN TRAKAI CITY MODELLING AND EVALUATION / TRANSPORTO SUKELIAMO TRIUKŠMO SKLAIDOS TRAKŲ MIESTE MODELIAVIMAS IR VERTINIMAS

One of the biggest problem in most cities – noise emissions in the environment caused by transport. It is found that environment noise can cause not only discomfort, but it is also harmful to health. Therefore, noise emissions in the environment is topical environmental problem. In this article the vehicle noise emissions are evaluated, depending on traffic in Trakai city. At selected locations in the northern and southern parts of the city equivalent and maximum noise levels are measured. According to estimates of traffic day, evening and night, using CadnaA program, noise maps are simulated. The noise map will show noise emissions day, evening and night. Measurement have shown, that maximum noise values was near main roads. In the south of the city, near Gediminas street, equivalent sound level during daytime was 60 dB, evening 54 dB, night – 48 dB. In the north of the city, near Karaimai street equivalent sound lever during daytime was 59 dB, evening – 54 dB, night – 51 dB. The simulations generated sound level values were similar to measured, the differences between the simulated and measured values were up to 4 dB. Santrauka  Viena didžiausių problemų miestuose – tai vis didėjančių transporto srautų sukeliamas triukšmas ir jo sklaida aplinkoje. Yra nustatyta, kad aplinkos triukšmas gali sukelti ne tik nepatogumų, tačiau ir kenkti sveikatai. Todėl triukšmo sklaida aplinkoje yra aktuali aplinkosaugos problema. Šiame straipsnyje vertinama transporto triukšmo sklaida, atsižvelgiant į transporto srautus Trakų mieste. Parinktose vietose šiaurinėje ir pietinėje miesto dalyse yra išmatuojami ekvivalentiniai ir didžiausieji garso lygiai. Pagal apskaičiuotus transporto srautus dienos, vakaro ir nakties metu, naudojant CadnaA programą, sudaromas triukšmo sklaidos žemėlapis. Žemėlapiuose pavaizduota triukšmo sklaida dienos, vakaro ir nakties metu. Atlikus matavimus, buvo nustatyta, jog didžiausios triukšmo vertės yra prie pagrindinių kelių. Pietinėje miesto dalyje, šalia Gedimino gatvės, ekvivalentinis garso lygis dienos metu siekia 60 dB, vakaro – 54 dB, nakties – 48 dB. Šiaurinėje miesto dalyje didžiausi triukšmo lygiai buvo prie Karaimų gatvės, kur ekvivalentinis garso lygis dienos metu siekė 59 dB, vakaro metu buvo 54 dB, nakties metu 51 dB. Atlikus modeliavimą, gautos garso lygio vertės buvo panašios kaip ir išmatuotos, skirtumai tarp sumodeliuotų ir išmatuotų verčių buvo iki 4 dB. Reikšminiai žodžiai: garso lygis, transporto triukšmas, triukšmo sklaida, modeliavimas

Eventos de vida produtores de estresse e transtornos mentais comuns: resultados do Estudo Pró-Saúde Stressful life events and common mental disorders: results of the Pro-Saude Study

O objetivo do estudo é investigar a associação entre eventos de vida produtores de estresse (EVPE) e transtornos mentais comuns (TMC). Dados seccionais da fase 1 de um estudo de coorte (Estudo Pró-Saúde) foram coletados entre 4.030 funcionários. Informações foram obtidas por meio de um questionário multidimensional autopreenchível (General Health Questionnaire) que avaliou a presença de TMC nas duas semanas anteriores, ocorrência de EVPE nos 12 meses anteriores e variáveis sociodemográficas. Após ajuste por sexo, idade, renda e situação conjugal, problemas financeiros graves foram os eventos associados a uma chance mais elevada de TMC (OR = 2,6; IC95%: 2,2-3,0), seguidos de agressão física (OR = 2,1; IC95%: 1,5-2,9), mudança forçada de moradia (OR = 1,9; IC95%: 1,5-2,4), doença grave (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,5-2,1), rompimento de relação amorosa (OR = 1,9; IC95%: 1,6-2,3), internação hospitalar (OR = 1,4; IC95%: 1,1-1,8) e assalto ou roubo (OR = 1,5; IC95%: 1,2-1,8). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de se investigar efeitos de longo prazo associados a estes eventos, assim como de fatores que potencialmente modifiquem seu impacto, de forma a subsidiar ações de prevenção mais efetivas na área da saúde mental.<br>This study investigates the association between stressful life events (SLE) and common mental disorders (CMD) among university employees in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Phase 1 sectional data from a cohort study (the Pro-Saude Study) were collected among 4,030 participants. A standardized self-administered questionnaire (General Health Questionnaire) assessed the presence of CMD during the previous two weeks, the occurrence of SLE in the previous 12 months, and socio-demographic characteristics. After adjustment for gender, age, income, and marital status, severe financial problems were associated with the greatest risk of CMD (OR = 2.6; 95%CI: 2.2-3.0), followed by physical aggression (OR = 2.1; 95%CI: 1.5-2.8), disruption of a love relationship (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.6-2.3), forced change of residence (OR = 1.9; 95%CI: 1.5-2.4), serious disease (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.5-2.1), hold-up or theft (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.2-1.8), and hospitalization (OR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8). Results suggest that long-term effects of SLE should be investigated, as well as other potential modifying factors in the development and maintenance of CMD in order to support more effective mental health interventions

Confiabilidade teste-reteste de aspectos da rede social no Estudo Pró-Saúde Test-retest reliability of measures of social network in the "Pró-Saúde" Study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os níveis de confiabilidade teste-reteste de informações relativas à rede social no Estudo Pró-saúde. MÉTODOS: Foi estimada a confiabilidade pelo estudo teste-reteste por meio de questionário multidimensional aplicado a uma coorte de trabalhadores de uma universidade. O mesmo questionário foi preenchido duas vezes por 192 funcionários não efetivos da universidade, com duas semanas de intervalo entre as aplicações. A concordância foi estimada pela estatística Kappa (variáveis categóricas), estatística Kappa ponderado e modelos log-lineares (variáveis ordinais), e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (variáveis discretas). RESULTADOS: As medidas de concordância situaram-se acima de 0,70 para a maioria das variáveis. Estratificando-se as informações segundo gênero, idade e escolaridade, observou-se que a confiabilidade não apresentou padrão consistente de variabilidade. A aplicação de modelos log-lineares indicou que, para as variáveis ordinais do estudo, o modelo de melhor ajuste foi o de "concordância diagonal mais associação linear por linear". CONCLUSÕES: Os altos níveis de confiabilidade estimados permitem concluir que o processo de aferição dos itens sobre rede social foi adequado para as características investigadas. Estudos de validação em andamento complementarão a avaliação da qualidade dessas informações.<br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate test-retest reliability of social network-related information of the" Pró-Saúde" study. METHODS: A test-retest reliability study was conducted using a multidimensional questionnaire applied to a cohort of university employees. The same questionnaire was filled out twice by 192 non-permanent employees with two weeks apart. Agreement was estimated using kappa statistics (categorical variables), weighted kappa statistics, log-linear models (ordinal variables), and intraclass correlation coefficient (discrete variables). RESULTS: Estimates of reliability were higher than 0.70 for most variables. Stratified analyses revealed no consistently varying patterns of reliability according to gender, age or schooling strata. Log-linear modelling showed that, for the study ordinal variables, the model of best fit was "diagonal agreement plus linear by linear association". CONCLUSIONS: The high level of reliability estimated in this study suggests that the process of measurement of social network-related aspects was adequate. Validation studies, which are currently being conducted, will complete the quality assessment of this information

\u27I get by with a little help from my friends\u27 : adults with intellectual disability discuss loneliness

Background This study explored \u27loneliness\u27 as experienced by adults with intellectual disability, with \u27intermittent\u27 to \u27limited\u27 support needs.Method A measure of loneliness was piloted, and qualitative techniques used to develop a greater understanding of the participants\u27 experience.Results The Loneliness Scale proved valid and reliable and the participants reported loneliness in ways comparable with the general population.Conclusions The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of combining quantitative and qualitative techniques to enhance understanding of people\u27s perspective when developing support systems to promote their quality of life. Based on participant perspectives, recommendations are made concerning the issues and types of support families and professionals could consider when seeking to assist people with intellectual disability address loneliness. Further investigation of the effects of differing educational and vocational opportunities on people\u27s post-school social networks appears warranted.<br /

Unhappiness as an Engine of Economic Growth

1noneThe citizens of the US, China and India have experienced a significant decline in happiness, social capital and leisure in the past few decades, as well as an epidemic of social comparisons. This deep and long-standing social crisis is puzzling when we consider the sustained economic growth of these countries. Is there a relationship between social crisis and growth? The defensive growth approach argues that they may feed each other. The erosion of environmental and social assets caused by increased market activity limits their accessibility, inducing consumers and producers to search for substitutes in the marketplace. Defensive growth is a process whereby market goods and services progressively replace declining non-market sources of well-being and compensate for the negative externalities generated by the increased marketization of society. This process is a selfreinforcing loop: the externalities generated by the expansion of market activities induce households and producers to compensate by buying more goods, further expanding market activity. Because the flip side of increasing economic affluence is rising social and environmental poverty, the impact of defensive growth on happiness is disappointing. I conclude that declining social capital has boosted GDP, working hours and the decline in happiness in the US, China and India. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019noneStefano BartoliniBartolini, Stefan