Cholesterol Behind the Whole Life of Humans

Cholesterol is a sterol, synthesized by animal cells and vital lipid molecule for human cells (animal) and is also a component of the diet, being present in food of animal origin. Its main function is to maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes and to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of substance that are vital for the organism including steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D. animal cells acquire cholesterol from extracellular lipoprotein and form new synthesis of cells. Dietary cholesterol comes exclusively from animal sources, it is naturally present in our diet and tissues. Cholesterol is synthesized in the human body in order to maintain a stable peel when dietary intake is low, given the necessity for cholesterol, very effective intestinal uptake mechanisms bile acid and cholesterol reabsorption cycles exist1. Conversely carbohydrates are poorly absorbed and indeed rapidly excreted. Dietary cholesterol content does not significantly influence cholesterol value, which are regulated by various nutritional. Factors that influence cholesterol absorption (or) synthesis. Recent study data do not support a link between dietary cholesterol and cardio vascular diseases2

A Study on Serum Prolactin in reduced Bone Mineral Density.

Reduced bone mineral density is a universal problem of modern society; It may not be the commonest of all diseases, but it is sufficiently common to be Important. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are the two different grades of the Condition with the density being much more reduced in osteoporosis which is a Systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro Architectural increase in bone fragility that renders bone more susceptible to Fracture. Osteoporosis is now considered as a major health care problem in india With an estimated 50% of healthy women and 30% of men over 50 years Having low bone mass. It is preventable and treatable, but there are no warning Signs until fracture occurs. It is a silent risk factor for fracture just as Hypertension is for `stroke'. Hyperprolactinemia is found to be commonly associated with reduced Bone mineral density. The osteoporotic effect of excessive prolactin are said to Be due to hypoestrogenism, calcium mobilization from bone and direct effect of Prolactin on bone. By the year 2050, osteoporosis is likely to be a major demographic Factor due to changes in the life style and the increase in the survival rate of the Elderly. The incidence of fracture of the hip is likely to rise across the world to 6.26 millions and 71% of these fractures are likely to occur in the developing World. Therefore the determination of bone mass has to be done constantly. At Present bone mass determination is done only with the help of dexa scan. (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry). A developing nation like india cannot afford to diagnose fracture risk in The general population with the help of dexa scan due to the high cost. Therefore a test which will be less expensive and reliable should be opted for in Our country. As hyperprolactinemia has been found to be associated with Osteoporosis, determination of serum prolactin can be an useful assessment in The determination of reduced bone mineral density. Hence the interest Developed to determine this hormone in the elderly who are `high risk' Individuals prone to develop osteopenia and osteoporosis and the ensuring Complication `fracture'. The present study is to find out the association of hyperprolactinemia With reduced bone mineral density and plan preventive and treatment protocols To reduce the burden of osteoporosis on society

A clinical study of ocular motor nerve palsies

INTRODUCTION: The designation “Ocular motor system” refers to the entire somatic motor system that controls the position and movements of the eyes. This system includes the extraocular muscles, the cranial nerves and nuclei that innervate them and the forces that stimulate and inhibit their actions. Restricted Ocular mobility could be the result of paralysis of the nerves supplying the extra ocular muscles (neurogenic) or due to the pathology in the muscle itself (myogenic) or there may be the pathology at the myoneural junction (neuro muscular). Since the treatment for these conditions is different from one another, it becomes clinically important to differentiate them, thus avoiding elaborate neurological investigations it is not necessary. AIM OF STUDY: • To find out the common etiology and incidence of the infra nuclear neurological lesions of III, IV and VI cranial nerves. To study the pattern of recovery in each type of nerve palsy in these cases. To emphasize the importance of non invasive techniques in these cases to clinch the localization of involvement and probable aetiology according to localization. To find out the mode of treatment to be followed in cases of both recent and established cases of neurological palsies involving III, IV and VI cranial nerves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in department of ophthalmology, Coimbatore Medical College Hospital, Coimbatore. The study period was from august 2007 to august 2009. All patients attending to ophthalmology department and referred cases from other departments, who are having neurologic lesion of III, IV and VI cranial nerves mainly infra nuclear neuropathic ocular movement disorder were included in this study. Patients with supra nuclear, nuclear, inter nuclear and myogenic types were excluded from the study by doing suitable examination and investigations. SUMMARY: Of the 170 cases of ocular cranial nerve palsies, 82.35% occurred between 20 – 70 years, the range being 1 ½ - 70 years. The maximum number of III nerve palsies were found only between 60 – 69 years. All trochlear nerve palsies are between 20 to 44 years of age. There is a wide distribution of cases of VI nerve palsies, from 2nd to 7th decade and multiple cranial nerve palsies 50% of cases fell between 40 – 60 years of age. CONCLUSION: From this study of 170 cases of cranial nerve palsies it is concluded that. 1. The VI cranial nerve is the most commonly affected nerve followed by III nerves and multiple cranial nerves and lastly the IV cranial nerve. 2. All these Ocular motor nerves can be affected by various pathological conditions. 3. Commonest presenting symptoms were diplopia, drooping of eye lid, pain and headache especially on the affected side. 4. Among the systemic conditions, diabetes followed by hypertension form the most commonly occurring association. 5. Closed head trauma even trivial is associated with trochlear nerve palsies while forcible head trauma as in cases of RTA leading III & VI cranial nerve palsies also. 6. There is no specific preponderance of infection in this series. 7. In 73 cases no specific cause could be made out 8. patients belonging to older age group were suffering from ocular motor cranial nerve palsies due to micro angiopathic lesions while trauma was the main cause in younger age group; 9. Non invasive procedures like CT & MRI were invaluable in diagnosis in selected cases. 10. Cases due to non specific neuritis or due to micro angiopathic lesions secondary to diabetes, hypertension etc recovered with in 4 months regardless of the nerve affected. 11. Longer follow-up, better facilities to do MRI may help in finding out specific aetiologies in these cases classified as nonspecific neuritis

Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Reduction And Lifestyle Modification:Cross Sectional Ansalysis Of Patient Responses.

A decrease in cardiovascular event risk with a decrease in total and LDL – cholesterol level is termed as “cholesterol paradox” or “risk factor reversal”. Cardiovascular risk does not have a linear relationship between LDL – cholesterol levels, and other substantial risk factors of cardiovascular events are being disregarded.The aim of this study is, to identify modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular events other than those well proved to cause dyslipidemia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 652 participants in a tertiary care hospital. Patients were grouped into two, based on the history of cardiovascular events. Demographics and patient responses captured using pre-validated questionnaires were analyzed. 5mL blood samples were collected by venipuncture and lipid profile was estimated. Association between cardiovascular events and explanatory variables. was determined using Chi square test and Odds ratio at 95% confidence intervals. Higher risk of CV events was found among smokers 0.232 [0.144 – 0.373]. Consumption of white sugar, refined oil, processed cold beverages and fast food products increased CV risk respectively. Moreover, total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides were found to decrease after one year of counselling the patients. The classical hypothesis of dyslipidemia induced atherosclerosis may not be the predominant cause of CV events. Herein, we report no association between high fat diet and CV risk while we observed higher risk in consumers of refined and ultra processed food products. However, significant control of cholesterol was observed in patients who shifted to Unrefined food products.  

HEPATO PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PIPER LONGUM AND PIPERINE WHEN ADMINISTERED WITH ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS

The objective of the study was to assess the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of Piper longum and piperine when administered with normal dosage of antitubercular drugs. The parameters assessed were lipid peroxidation and levels of reduced glutathione in liver homogenate. Histopathological studies of liver was also carried out. Reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased (p<0.001) and lipid peroxidative products levels were significantly increased (p<0.001) in the group treated with antitubercular drugs compared to controls. Administration of aqueous extract of Piper longum or piperine with antitubercular drugs significantly increased the reduced glutathione levels (p<0.001) and decreased lipid peroxidation (p<0.001). Histopathological studies indicate no significant change between the control and the group administered with antitubercular drugs. Even in studies carried out with Piper longum extract in infected animals, administration of antitubercular drugs significantly increased lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and decreased reduced glutathione levels (p<0.05). Administration of aqueous extract of Piper longum with antitubercular drugs significantly increased the reduced glutathione levels (p<0.001) and decreased lipid peroxidation (p<0.001). The results indicate that administration of anti TB drugs in normal doses for a period of 45 days does not cause significant histopathological changes in liver but decreases the reduced glutathione levels and increases lipid peroxidation. This change in antioxidant status is prevented on administration of Piper longum aqueous extract and piperine with antitubercular drugs, thus proving their hepatoprotective effect

A High Secured Steganalysis using QVDHC Model

Data compression plays a vital role in data security as it saves memory, transfer speed is high, easy to handle and secure. Mainly the compression techniques are categorized into two types. They are lossless, lossy data compression. The data format will be an audio, image, text or video. The main objective is to save memory of using these techniques is to save memory and to preserve data confidentiality, integrity. In this paper, a hybrid approach was proposed which combines Quotient Value Difference (QVD) with Huffman coding. These two methods are more efficient, simple to implement and provides better security to the data. The secret message is encoded using Huffman coding, while the cover image is compressed using QVD. Then the encoded data is embedded into cover image and transferred over the network to receiver. At the receiver end, the data is decompressed to obtain original message. The proposed method shows high level performance when compared to other existing methods with better quality and minimum error

Toxicity characterization and long-term stability studies on copper slag from the ISASMELT process

Detailed studies on the toxicity and long-term stability of copper slag of varying heavy metal concentration generated over a 14-week period in an Indian copper plant through the ISASMELT process was carried out using USEPA's toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), multiple extraction procedure and sulfuric acid leaching of granulated and mechanically activated slag as a function of pH at two different temperatures. The TCLP, acid leaching and multiple extraction test results carried out on a large number of slag samples of varying compositions derived from the use of several copper concentrates indicate poor leachability of the heavy metals and assures long-term stability even in extreme atmospheres. Leaching tests on mechanically activated samples gives an idea of the resistance to leaching of the heavy metals even upon weathering. The multiple extraction leaching tests indicate that the heavy metals present in the slag are stable and are not likely to dissolve significantly even through repetitive leaching under acid rain in a natural environment. The highest concentration of all the elements is far below the prescribed limits in USEPA 40CFR Part 261

Clinical Outcomes in 3343 Children and Adults with Rheumatic Heart Disease from 14 Low and Middle Income Countries: 2-Year Follow-up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY study)

Background: There are few contemporary data on the mortality and morbidity associated with rheumatic heart disease or information on their predictors. We report the 2-year follow-up of individuals with rheumatic heart disease from 14 low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. Methods: Between January 2010 and November 2012, we enrolled 3343 patients from 25 centers in 14 countries and followed them for 2 years to assess mortality, congestive heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, recurrent acute rheumatic fever, and infective endocarditis. Results: Vital status at 24 months was known for 2960 (88.5%) patients. Two-thirds were female. Although patients were young (median age, 28 years; interquartile range, 18–40), the 2-year case fatality rate was high (500 deaths, 16.9%). Mortality rate was 116.3/1000 patient-years in the first year and 65.4/1000 patient-years in the second year. Median age at death was 28.7 years. Independent predictors of death were severe valve disease (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–3.11), congestive heart failure (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.70–2.72), New York Heart Association functional class III/IV (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.32–2.10), atrial fibrillation (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.10–1.78), and older age (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.02 per year increase) at enrollment. Postprimary education (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54–0.85) and female sex (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52–0.80) were associated with lower risk of death. Two hundred and four (6.9%) patients had new congestive heart failure (incidence, 38.42/1000 patient-years), 46 (1.6%) had a stroke or transient ischemic attack (8.45/1000 patient-years), 19 (0.6%) had recurrent acute rheumatic fever (3.49/1000 patient-years), and 20 (0.7%) had infective endocarditis (3.65/1000 patient-years). Previous stroke and older age were independent predictors of stroke/transient ischemic attack or systemic embolism. Patients from low- and lower-middle–income countries had significantly higher age- and sex-adjusted mortality than patients from upper-middle–income countries. Valve surgery was significantly more common in upper-middle–income than in lower-middle– or low-income countries. Conclusions: Patients with clinical rheumatic heart disease have high mortality and morbidity despite being young; those from low- and lower-middle–income countries had a poorer prognosis associated with advanced disease and low education. Programs focused on early detection and the treatment of clinical rheumatic heart disease are required to improve outcomes. </jats:sec