Nutritional requirements of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) has emerged as an important candidate finfish species for aquaculture in many parts of the world. Availability of seed and appropriate feed are the two important prerequisites for development and propagation of aquaculture of any fish species. After considerable efforts and extensive research, the Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA) has succeeded in developing captive brood stock and seed production technology for Asian seabass. Research efforts on nutritional requirements and development of suitable formulated feeds have been in progress simultaneously at CIBA. The nutritional requirements of fish vary with different growth stages and depend upon the feeding habits that change according to the morphology of digesting system. Considerable effort has been made in Australia, Thailand, Philippines and more recently Israel, in defining the nutritional requirements of this species in order to improve production. Understanding the nutritional requirements of the candidate species is the first and essential pre requisite for development of cost effective, efficient and eco friendly feeds

Feeds and feeding of seabass in hatchery, nursery and grow out system using formulated feeds

The requirement of nutrients varies throughout the life cycle of an individual. At early stages, the requirement of nutrients is comparatively high which declines with age. Also the requirements depend upon the feeding habits that change accordingly to the morphology of digestive system. Considerable effort has been made in Australia, Thailand, Philippines and more recently Israel, in defining the nutritional requirements of seabass in order to improve production (Boonyaratpalin and Williams, 2001). Feeds and feeding are the critical factors that determine the economic viability of commercial aquaculture of the species concerned and this topic assumes much more significance in a carnivore species like seabass. Based on the nutritional requirements we know that this fish requires a high protein high energy diet. Further, being a predatory carnivore in nature, weaning them to formulated feed is the critical factor which influences the success of grow out culture of seabass. Understanding the nutritional requirements of the candidate species is the first and essential pre- requisite for the development of cost effective, efficient and eco friendly feeds

Effect of dietary supplementation of cassia auriculata leaf powder on growth and immune responses of milkfish, Chanos chanos

A 30 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cassia auriculata leaf powder on growth and immunomological parameters of the juveniles of Milkfish, Chanos chanos and disease resistance against Vibrio anguillarum. The juvenile fishes with an average weight of 20±3 g were stocked in four treatments each with three replicates. Four practical diets were prepared with graded level of Cassia auriculata leaf powder (CAL) at the rate of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% and fed to four treatments respectively named as CAL0, CAL0.5, CAL1 and CAL1.5. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected for immunological parameters. After sampling, the remaining fishes were challenged with 0.1 mL of virulent V. anguillarum suspension at a concentration of 107 CFU mL-1 and mortality was observed for 7 days. Post challenge sampling was performed for the collection of blood samples. The growth parameters such as Weight gain%, SGR%, PER were positively affected by Cassia auriculata leaf powder incorporated diet. Higher weight gain %, SGR% and PER were noticed in CAL1.5 group followed by CAL1, CAL0.5 and CAL0. The respiratory burst, lysozyme and phagocytic activities were increased with increasing level of CAL in the diet which indicates better immune response of the fishes fed with CAL. The higher respiratory burst (0.522 ± 0.03), lysozyme (70.07 ± 1.57) and phagocytic (52.91 ± 1.76) activitieswere observed in CAL1.5, CAL1 and CAL1.5 groups respectively during pre-challenge and post challenge. There was significant difference in the survival rate of control (CAL0) and CAL incorporated diet fed groups (P<0.05). Maximum survival was witnessed in CAL1 followed by CAL1.5 and least survival was in CAL0 group. The results indicate that diets supplemented with 1% CAL potentially enhance the immune system and effectively protects the host against V. anguillarum infection and thereby improve the survivability of the fish against this dreadful pathogen

Holocaust Narratives in the film Life is Beautiful by Roberto Benigni

Roberto Benigni\u27s 1997 Italian film Life is Beautiful applies post-genocide theory to offer a distinctive viewpoint on the Holocaust. Through the character of Guido, who employs humour and imagination as means of resistance and survival, this essay explores how the movie depicts the psychological fallout and emotional repercussions of genocide. The study explores how the film shifts focus from the historical event itself to the enduring impact on individuals and families, presenting a narrative of resilience, memory, and the reassertion of human values in the face of dehumanization. Post-genocide theory allows for an understanding of how trauma is processed and how hope is retained amidst collective pain. This paper\u27s primary goal is to examine how Life is Beautiful functions as a post-genocide text by emphasising the emotional coping mechanisms that survivors employ to deal with trauma. In order to provide a message of hope and survival, this study intends to investigate how storytelling, humour, and paternal love influence a child\u27s experience of horror. The study also aims to show how film can be an effective medium for fostering emotional recovery following genocide and interacting with historical memory

Plant Growth Regulators for Mitigating Water Stress in Cowpea

Water is becoming a scarce commodity for irrigation especially under the present changing climatic scenario. Water stress hampers important physiological and biochemical mechanisms leading to reduction in plant growth and yield. Studies revealed that the exogenous application of plant hormones has been found to alleviate the negative effects of various abiotic stresses. Cowpea, being a non-season bound crop, can be grown throughout the year and it performs well during summer season under irrigation, but water scarcity limits its area under cultivation. However, limited research works have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in cowpea grown under water stress conditions. So the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of exogenous application of certain plant growth regulators to mitigate water stress in cowpea, to find out an effective plant growth regulator for drought management and to assess the response of cowpea to these plant growth regulators

Seed Hardening and Moisture Conservation Practices to Mitigate Water Stress in Cowpea

Cowpea is an important protein catering feed/fodder for cattle. Being a non-season bound crop, it can be grown throughout the year and performs well during summer season under irrigation but water scarcity limits its area under cultivation. It necessitates the development of alternate management technologies to overcome the water stress period for the sustainable growth and yield of the crop. Seed hardening, soil moisture conservation measures like mulching and antitranspirant sprays are the techniques which helps the plant to survive under drought. So the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of various seed primers, antitranspirants and mulches for mitigating water stress in cowpea grown during summer season, to find out the best among each and also to assess the response of cowpea to these techniques under water stress conditions

Evidence of diet supplementation with vitamin C protecting honeybees from Imidacloprid induced peroxidative damage: a study with Apis cerana indica

Neonicotinoids are one of the major stresses contributing to the decline in the population of honeybees. Worker bees are prone to various stress factors during foraging and are susceptible to Imidacloprid due to the reduction in the number of genes encoding for the major enzyme families responsible for the detoxification of toxins. The present study worked on the hypothesis that the dietary supplementation of Ascorbic acid (VIT C) could reduce the peroxidative damage in the worker bees of Apis cerana indica exposed to sub-lethal concentration of imidacloprid (IMD). Furthermore, we also evaluated the role and efficacy of VIT C supplementation on the cytoarchitecture of midgut tissues on exposure to IMD. Colonies of honeybees were maintained by providing sugar syrup to the control group and sugar syrup supplemented with 0.2% VIT C for the experimental group for six months. Worker bees from both groups were randomly collected and exposed to 0.001 mg/mL IMD. To study the peroxidative damage, the activities of various enzymes were analyzed. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including Catalase, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione S Transferase, and Glutathione Peroxidase in the hemolymph and midgut tissues of worker bees were significantly decreased due to exposure to IMD as a single agent. However, their activities showed a significant elevation under diet supplementation with VIT C. Histological examination revealed midgut tissue damage and the rupture of peritrophic membrane among the workers exposed to IMD as compared with the control group. The damage to the midgut was alleviated and the peritrophic membrane was found to be intact in the worker bees supplemented with VIT C. Our results indicated that the dietary supplementation of VIT C has the potential to maintain the redox status and thereby can offer protective potential against the peroxidative damages induced by the sub-lethal concentration of IMD

Digital Dystopia in Spielberg\u27s Artificial Intelligence: Exploring the Narratives of Technology and Humanity

People are starting to forget about their humanity as a result of technological innovations that have created a hyper real society. This paper explores Steven Spielberg’s Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) presents a future where technology grows beyond human control, creating a world filled with emotional confusion and ethical challenges. How the film reflects a digital dystopia a dark future shaped by advanced artificial intelligence and human rejection. It focuses on the journey of David, a robot child who longs to be loved, and how his story raises questions about what it means to be human in a world ruled by machines. The film also highlights how society becomes cold and disconnected as machines take over emotional and social roles. Through powerful visuals, music, and storytelling, A.I. shows the dangers of losing our humanity in the pursuit of technological progress. It warns us that without care, technology might not serve us but instead reflect our worst fears