Electronic structures of Cr1−δ_{1-\delta}X (X=S, Te) studied by Cr 2p soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism

Cr 2p core excited XAS and XMCD spectra of ferromagnetic Cr$_{1-\delta}$Te with several concentrations of $\delta$=0.11-0.33 and ferrimagnetic Cr$_{5}$S$_{6}$ have been measured. The observed XMCD lineshapes are found to very weakly depend on $\delta$ for Cr$_{1-\delta}$Te. The experimental results are analyzed by means of a configuration-interaction cluster model calculation with consideration of hybridization and electron correlation effects. The obtained values of the spin magnetic moment by the cluster model analyses are in agreement with the results of the band structure calculation.The calculated result shows that the doped holes created by the Cr deficiency exist mainly in the Te 5porbital of Cr$_{1-\delta}$Te, whereas the holes are likely to be in Cr 3d state for Cr$_{5}$S$_{6}$.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review

Giant Rashba splitting of quasi-1D surface states on Bi/InAs(110)-(2×\times1)

Electronic states on the Bi/InAs(110)-(2$\times$1) surface and its spin-polarized structure are revealed by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), spin-resolved ARPES, and density-functional-theory calculation. The surface state showed quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) dispersion and a nearly metallic character; the top of the hole-like surface band is just below the Fermi level. The size of the Rashba parameter ($\alpha_{\rm R}$) reached quite a large value ($\sim$5.5 eV\AA). The present result would provide a fertile playground for further studies of the exotic electronic phenomena in 1D or Q1D systems with the spin-split electronic states as well as for advanced spintronic devices.Comment: 8 pages (double column), 7 figures and 1 tabl

Hard X-Ray Spectrum from West Lobe of Radio Galaxy Fornax A Observed with Suzaku

An observation of the West lobe of radio galaxy Fornax A (NGC 1316) with Suzaku is reported. Since Feigelson et al. (1995) and Kaneda et al. (1995) discovered the cosmic microwave background boosted inverse-Comptonized (IC) X-rays from the radio lobe, the magnetic field and electron energy density in the lobes have been estimated under the assumption that a single component of the relativistic electrons generates both the IC X-rays and the synchrotron radio emission. However, electrons generating the observed IC X-rays in the 1 -- 10 keV band do not possess sufficient energy to radiate the observed synchrotron radio emission under the estimated magnetic field of a few micro-G. On the basis of observations made with Suzaku, we show in the present paper that a 0.7 -- 20 keV spectrum is well described by a single power-law model with an energy index of 0.68 and a flux density of 0.12+/-0.01 micro-Jy at 1 keV from the West lobe. The derived multiwavelength spectrum strongly suggests that a single electron energy distribution over a Lorentz factor gamma = 300 - 90000 is responsible for generating both the X-ray and radio emissions. The derived physical quantities are not only consistent with those reported for the West lobe, but are also in very good agreement with those reported for the East lobe.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in PASJ (Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan) Suzaku 3rd special issue: TYPOS in flux density unit were correcte

Evidence of non-thermal X-ray emission from radio lobes of Cygnus A

Using deep Chandra ACIS observation data for Cygnus A, we report evidence of non-thermal X-ray emission from radio lobes surrounded by a rich intra-cluster medium (ICM). The diffuse X-ray emission, which are associated with the eastern and western radio lobes, were observed in a 0.7--7 keV Chandra$ ACIS image. The lobe spectra are reproduced with not only a single-temperature Mekal model, such as that of the surrounding ICM component, but also an additional power-law (PL) model. The X-ray flux densities of PL components for the eastern and western lobes at 1 keV are derived as 77.7^{+28.9}_{-31.9} nJy and 52.4^{+42.9}_{-42.4} nJy, respectively, and the photon indices are 1.69^{+0.07}_{-0.13} and 1.84^{+2.90}_{-0.12}, respectively. The non-thermal component is considered to be produced via the inverse Compton (IC) process, as is often seen in the X-ray emission from radio lobes. From a re-analysis of radio observation data, the multiwavelength spectra strongly suggest that the seed photon source of the IC X-rays includes both cosmic microwave background radiation and synchrotron radiation from the lobes. The derived parameters indicate significant dominance of the electron energy density over the magnetic field energy density in the Cygnus A lobes under the rich ICM environment.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

The energetics of giant radio galaxy lobes from inverse Compton scattering observations

Giant radio galaxy (GRG) lobes are excellent laboratories to study the evolution of the particle and B-field energetics. However, these results are based on assumptions of the shape and extension of the GRG lobe electron spectrum. We re-examine the energetics of GRG lobes as derived by inverse Compton scattering of CMB photons (ICS-CMB) by relativistic electrons in RG lobes to assess the physical conditions of RG lobes, their energetics and their radiation regime. We consider the GRG DA 240 recently observed by Suzaku as a reference case and we also discuss other RG lobes observed with Chandra and XMM. We model the spectral energy distribution of the DA 240 East lobe to get constraint on the shape and the extension of the electron spectrum in the lobe by using multi-frequency information from radio to gamma-rays. We use radio and X-ray data to constrain the shape and normalization of the electron spectrum and we then calculate the SZ effect expected in GRG lobes that is sensitive to the total electron energy density. We show that the electron energy density U_e derived form X-ray observations yields only a rough lower limit to its actual value and that most of the estimates of U_e based on X-ray measurements have to be increased even by a large factor by considering realistic estimates of the lower electron momentum p_1. This brings RG lobes away from the equipartition condition towards a particle-dominated and Compton power dominance regime. We use the distribution of RG lobes in the U_e/U_B vs. U_e/U_CMB plane as a further divide between different physical regimes of particle and field dominance, and radiation mechanism dominance in RG lobes. We conclude that the SZ effect produced by ICS-CMB mechanism observable in RG lobes provides reliable estimate of p_1 and U_e and is the best tool to determine the total energy density of RG lobes and to assess their physical regime.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, A&A in pres

Assessment of safety, usability and performance of sterile latex surgical glove pre-powdered of Healthium Medtech limited: a survey study based on questionnaire

Background: Medical gloves worn during patient examinations and procedures aids in the reduction of cross-contamination between healthcare professionals and patients. Gloves have to be strong enough to protect the wearer and comfortable enough not to choke the hand of the user. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of allergic reactions, usability, and performance of Truskin gloves (Sterile latex surgical glove pre-powdered).Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and performance of Truskin gloves by assessing the incidence of allergic reactions and usability in terms of manual dexterity, tactile sensitivity, handgrip strength, muscle activity, comfort level during usage and product complaints/issues. Consent was obtained from all the participants (healthcare professionals from various hospitals across India) involved in the study. The questionnaire was distributed among healthcare professionals to provide their feedback and experience with use of Truskin gloves.Results: The clinical investigation was initiated on April 10, 2021 and completed on July 10, 2021. Responses from 472 participating health care professionals were considered for assessment of safety and performance of Truskin gloves. The results from the safety variables assessed in this study indicate that about 5.51% users had experienced allergic reactions typical of powdered latex surgical gloves. More than 80% users have responded with a score of 04 and 05 (most comfortable) for all the variables associated with comfort and convenience of usage of Truskin gloves.Conclusions: The results from this study demonstrates both the safety and performance of Truskin gloves