Formal water rights in rural Tanzania: Deepening the dichotomy?

Water rights / Water law / Water scarcity / Water use / Water users’ associations / Irrigation water / Cost recovery

Implication of climate change and variability on stream flow in Iringa region, Tanzania

This paper investigates the implication of climate change and variability on the river flow within the traditional irrigation farming system, vinyungu, in Iringa region, Tanzania. The study aimed at establishing areas that are most impacted by climate change in terms of river flow and various adaptation strategies. It is based on both primary data collected by questionnaires distributed randomly among 189 farmers and key informant checklists conducted with villages’ leaders and Agriculture Extension Officers. Two focused group discussions were carried out for each village as well as the researcher’s own observations, and secondary data includes: literature review, rainfall and river flow data. The long-term annual trends of rainfall and river flow were analyzed via Mann–Kendall’s statistical test and linear trend analysis. Climate data on rainfall trend showed a significant decreasing pattern during the last 17 years. Also, river flow data showed a slight decline within the same period. Decrement in river flow, combined with rainfall fluctuation, forced farmers to employ various adaptation strategies. Following the severity of the problem the paper recommends that more research be conducted on proper water management for sustainable river flow for both agriculture production and environmental management

Neoplasia at 10-year follow-up screening colonoscopy in a private U.S. practice: comparison of yield to first-time examinations

Background and Aims Prior studies assessing the yield of a second screening colonoscopy performed 10 years after an initial negative screening colonoscopy did not include a control group of persons undergoing their first screening colonoscopy during the same time interval. Our aim was to describe the incidence of neoplasia at a second screening colonoscopy (performed at least 8 years after the first colonoscopy) in average risk individuals and compare it with the yield of first screening examinations performed during the same time interval. Methods Review of a database of outpatient screening colonoscopies performed between January 2010 and December 2015 in an Atlanta private practice. Results A total of 2105 average risk individuals underwent screening colonoscopy, including 470 individuals (53.6% female; mean age 64.0 ± 3.9 years) who underwent a second screening examination. In those undergoing second screening, the mean interval between examinations was 10.4 years (±1.1; range 8-15 years). At second screening, the polyp detection rate (PDR), adenoma detection rate (ADR) and advanced neoplasm rate (ANR) were 44.7%, 26.6%, and 7.4%, respectively. Of 40 advanced neoplasms in 35 individuals, 33 (82.5%) were proximal to the sigmoid colon, and there were no cancers. During the same interval, 1635 individuals (49.4% female; mean age 52.6 ± 3.4 years) underwent their first screening colonoscopy. The PDR, ADR and ANR were 53.5%, 32.2%, and 11.7%, respectively. Of 243 advanced neoplasms in 192 individuals, 152 (62.6%) were proximal to the sigmoid colon, and there were no cancers. After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, and endoscopist, PDR, ADR, and ANR were all lower at the second screening colonoscopies than at first-time colonoscopies (all p<0.001). Conclusions Despite being 10 years older, persons with a negative screening colonoscopy 10 years earlier had numerically lower rates of adenomas and advanced neoplasms at their second screening examination compared with patients in the same practice undergoing their first screening colonoscopy, and they had no cancers. The fraction of advanced neoplasms that were proximal to the sigmoid was high in both first and second screenings. These results support the safety of the recommended 10-year interval between colonoscopies in average risk persons with an initial negative examination

The Academics Athletics Trade-off: Universities and Intercollegiate Athletics

This analysis focuses on several key issues in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). The intrinsic benefits of athletic programs are discussed in the first section. Trends in graduation rates and academic performance among athletes and how they correlate with the general student body are discussed in the second section. Finally, an overview of the revenues and expenses of athletic department budgets are discussed in an effort to gain a better understanding of the allocation of funds to athletics. In spite of recent growth in revenues and expenses, the athletic department budget comprises on average only 5 percent of the entire university budget at an FBS school, though spending and revenues have increased dramatically in recent years. In the grand scheme of things, American higher education faces several other, arguably more pressing, areas of reform. However, athletics is a significant and growing dimension of higher education that warrants in-depth examination

HIERARKI DAN INFORMALITAS SOSIAL PADA PRODUKSI RUANG DI NAGARI PARIANGAN, SUMATERA BARAT

Abstract: Nagari Pariangan is an old village in Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Nagari is a customary law community unit consisting of a collection of several tribes and has its own territorial boundaries. The phenomenon of the nagari shows the production of social space based on Minangkabau villages culture. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the architectural elements of Nagari Pariangan and their relationship with their environment associated with the spatial production, uses Spatializing Culture approach (Low, 2017). Research is conducted by ethnographic approach data is collected by observation and in-depth interview. It is resulted, that the spaces of Nagari are formed mostly based on the social hierarchy of community, but also provided spaces for informal relationship.  Political culture of the Nagari is important factor in governing spatial production by the traditonal community, but the other side, the community also produces their own communal spaces.Abstrak: Nagari Pariangan adalah nagari tuo yang ada di Minangkabau, Sumatra Barat. Nagari merupakan satu kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat yang terdiri dari kumpulan beberapa suku dan mempunyai batas wilayahnya sendiri.  Fenomena Nagari menunjukkan adanya produksi ruang sosial berdasarkan budaya pada Nagari di Minangkabau. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara elemen arsitektur pembentuk Nagari Pariangan dan relasi sosial yang memproduksi ruang yang ditelaah melalui pendekatan Spatializing Culture (Low, 2017). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnografi, data dikumpulkan lewat observasi dan wawancara mendalam. Ditemukan, ruang-ruang Nagari terbentuk berdasarkan hierarki sosial, namun tetap tersedia ruang-ruang informal. Budaya politik dari Nagari menjadi faktor terpenting dalam tata kelola produksi ruang oleh komunitas adat, namun di sisi lain, komunitas Adat juga memproduksi ruang-ruang komunalnya sendiri

HIERARKI DAN INFORMALITAS SOSIAL PADA PRODUKSI RUANG DI NAGARI PARIANGAN, SUMATERA BARAT

Abstract: Nagari Pariangan is an old village in Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Nagari is a customary law community unit consisting of a collection of several tribes and has its own territorial boundaries. The phenomenon of the nagari shows the production of social space based on Minangkabau villages culture. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between the architectural elements of Nagari Pariangan and their relationship with their environment associated with the spatial production, uses Spatializing Culture approach (Low, 2017). Research is conducted by ethnographic approach data is collected by observation and in-depth interview. It is resulted, that the spaces of Nagari are formed mostly based on the social hierarchy of community, but also provided spaces for informal relationship.  Political culture of the Nagari is important factor in governing spatial production by the traditonal community, but the other side, the community also produces their own communal spaces.Abstrak: Nagari Pariangan adalah nagari tuo yang ada di Minangkabau, Sumatra Barat. Nagari merupakan satu kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat yang terdiri dari kumpulan beberapa suku dan mempunyai batas wilayahnya sendiri.  Fenomena Nagari menunjukkan adanya produksi ruang sosial berdasarkan budaya pada Nagari di Minangkabau. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara elemen arsitektur pembentuk Nagari Pariangan dan relasi sosial yang memproduksi ruang yang ditelaah melalui pendekatan Spatializing Culture (Low, 2017). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan etnografi, data dikumpulkan lewat observasi dan wawancara mendalam. Ditemukan, ruang-ruang Nagari terbentuk berdasarkan hierarki sosial, namun tetap tersedia ruang-ruang informal. Budaya politik dari Nagari menjadi faktor terpenting dalam tata kelola produksi ruang oleh komunitas adat, namun di sisi lain, komunitas Adat juga memproduksi ruang-ruang komunalnya sendiri

Robot Pemain Piano

Piano adalah sebuah instrumen musik atau alat musik akustik yang berbunyi karena senar atau dawai yang dipukul oleh palu. Robot pemain piano merupakan suatu teknologi yang dapat bermain piano secara otomatis, yang dapat dipadukan dengan alat-alat musik atau instrument yang lainnya. Robot pemain piano ini adalah sebuah robot yang mengabungkan antara teknologi dengan seni yang bertujuan untuk menyampaikan kepada masyarakat bahwa bermain piano itu tidaklah sulit dan juga sebagai alat hiburan bagi masyarakat. Alat ini bisa memainkan alat musik piano secara otomatis sesuai dengan nada-nada yang diinginkan operator. Pada robot pemain piano ini mengunakan 24 tuts pada piano (2 oktaf) yang ditekan oleh solenoid. Nada – nada yang dimainkan oleh robot pemain piano ini adalah C-D-Dm-EEm-F-G-A-Am-B-Bm, dimana untuk membunyikan Piano ini yaitu dengan menggunakan solenoid untuk setiap tuts yang digunakan pada piano. Mikrokontroller ATmega8535 digunakan untuk menyimpan program dan mengatur kerja solenoid sesuai dengan output mikro yang diatur melalui program sehingga bunyi yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan yang diprogramkan. Program yang dibuat berfungsi untuk mengatur kerja solenoid untuk menekan tuts pada piano. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada robot pemain piano ini adala pengujian program untuk proses penekanan pada tuts piano, pengujian kesesuaian bunyi robot piano dan pengujian mengunakan yang berbeda. Dari hasil pengujian didapatlah kesimpulan yaitu dari 10 kali percobaan terdapat 10 % persentase error yang terjadi pada beberapa solenoid yang digunakan dan robot pemain piano dapat memainkan piano sesuai dengan program yang telah dibuat pada mikrokontroller ATmega8535 dan dapat bermain dengan mengunakan jenis – jenis keyboard yang berbeda.Kata kunci: Piano, Mikrokontroler, Solenoid, Robot Pemain PianoPiano adalah sebuah instrumen musik atau alat musik akustik yang berbunyi karena senar atau dawai yang dipukul oleh palu. Robot pemain piano merupakan suatu teknologi yang dapat bermain piano secara otomatis, yang dapat dipadukan dengan alat-alat musik atau instrument yang lainnya. Robot pemain piano ini adalah sebuah robot yang mengabungkan antara teknologi dengan seni yang bertujuan untuk menyampaikan kepada masyarakat bahwa bermain piano itu tidaklah sulit dan juga sebagai alat hiburan bagi masyarakat. Alat ini bisa memainkan alat musik piano secara otomatis sesuai dengan nada-nada yang diinginkan operator. Pada robot pemain piano ini mengunakan 24 tuts pada piano (2 oktaf) yang ditekan oleh solenoid. Nada – nada yang dimainkan oleh robot pemain piano ini adalah C-D-Dm-EEm-F-G-A-Am-B-Bm, dimana untuk membunyikan Piano ini yaitu dengan menggunakan solenoid untuk setiap tuts yang digunakan pada piano. Mikrokontroller ATmega8535 digunakan untuk menyimpan program dan mengatur kerja solenoid sesuai dengan output mikro yang diatur melalui program sehingga bunyi yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan yang diprogramkan. Program yang dibuat berfungsi untuk mengatur kerja solenoid untuk menekan tuts pada piano. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada robot pemain piano ini adala pengujian program untuk proses penekanan pada tuts piano, pengujian kesesuaian bunyi robot piano dan pengujian mengunakan yang berbeda. Dari hasil pengujian didapatlah kesimpulan yaitu dari 10 kali percobaan terdapat 10 % persentase error yang terjadi pada beberapa solenoid yang digunakan dan robot pemain piano dapat memainkan piano sesuai dengan program yang telah dibuat pada mikrokontroller ATmega8535 dan dapat bermain dengan mengunakan jenis – jenis keyboard yang berbeda.Kata kunci: Piano, Mikrokontroler, Solenoid, Robot Pemain Pian

Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Apotek Berbasis Web Menggunakan Framework Laravel

A pharmacy is one of the businesses that requires an information system for data management. Apotek Wahyu Farma in Sragen Regency, Central Java, still relies on conventional methods for data processing. The conventional processes pose problems as they hinder the pharmacy's performance due to inefficiency and ineffectiveness. Manual processing demands extra focus and time. This research aims to assist the pharmacy in simplifying data processing and minimizing potential errors by developing a web-based pharmacy information system using the Laravel framework. The method employed for application development follows one of the models from the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), namely the waterfall model. The language used is PHP with the Laravel framework. The research results in a web-based pharmacy information system. Based on the Black Box testing results, all implemented system features function successfully. The System Usability Score test yields a score of 70.62, indicating that the system is acceptable within the defined acceptability range