The impacts of surface conditions on the vapor-liquid-solid growth of germanium nanowires on Si (100) substrate

The impacts of surface conditions on the growth of Ge nanowires on a Si (100) substrate are discussed in detail. On SiO2-terminated Si substrates, high-density Ge nanowires can be easily grown. However, on H-terminated Si substrates, growing Ge nanowires is more complex. The silicon migration and the formation of a native SiO2 overlayer on a catalyst surface retard the growth of Ge nanowires. After removing this overlayer in the HF solution, high-density and well-ordered Ge nanowires are grown. Ge nanowires cross vertically and form two sets of parallel nanowires. It is found that nanowires grew along ?110? direction

On quantum vertex algebras and their modules

We give a survey on the developments in a certain theory of quantum vertex algebras, including a conceptual construction of quantum vertex algebras and their modules and a connection of double Yangians and Zamolodchikov-Faddeev algebras with quantum vertex algebras.Comment: 18 pages; contribution to the proceedings of the conference in honor of Professor Geoffrey Maso

Envelope excitations in electronegative plasmas with electrons featuring the Tsallis distribution

We examine the modulational instability (MI) of ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) in an electronegative plasma containing positive and negative ions as well as electrons that follow the nonextensive statistics proposed by Tsallis [J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479 (1988)]. Using the reductive perturbation method (RPM), the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation (NLSE) that governs the modulational instability of the IAWs is obtained. Inspired by the experimental work of Ichiki \emph{et al.} [Phys. Plasmas 8, 4275 (2001)], three types of electronegative plasmas are investigated. The effects of various parameters on the propagation of IAWs are discussed in detail numerically. We find that the plasma supports both bright and dark solutions. The presence of the non-extensively distributed electrons is found to play a crucial role in the formation of envelope excitations. The region in the parameter space where the MI exists depends sensitively on the positive to negative ion mass ratio (M) and negative to positive ion density ratio ($\nu$). An extensive range of the nonextensive $q$-parameters {$(-1<q<3)$} is considered and in each case the MI sets in under different conditions. The finding of this investigation is useful for understanding stable wave propagation of envelope ion-acoustic solitary waves in space and laboratory plasmas comprising ions with both positive and negative charges as well as non-Maxwellian electrons.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, to appear in Physics of Plasma

Directed flow of neutral strange particles at AGS

Directed flow of neutral strange particles in heavy ion collisions at AGS is studied in the ART transport model. Using a lambda mean-field potential which is 2/3 of that for a nucleon as predicted by the constituent quark model, lambdas are found to flow with protons but with a smaller flow parameter as observed in experiments. For kaons, their repulsive potential, which is calculated from the impulse approximation using the measured kaon-nucleon scattering length, leads to a smaller anti-flow than that shown in the preliminary E895 data. Implications of this discrepancy are discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

τ→ρππν\tau\to\rho\pi\pi\nu decays

Effective chiral theory of mesons is applied to study the four decay modes of $\tau\to\rho\pi\pi\nu$. Theoretical values of the branching ratios are in agreement with the data. The theory predicts that the $a_{1}$ resonance plays a dominant role in these decays. There is no new parameter in this study.Comment: 12 pages and one figur

Chosen-Plaintext Cryptanalysis of a Clipped-Neural-Network-Based Chaotic Cipher

In ISNN'04, a novel symmetric cipher was proposed, by combining a chaotic signal and a clipped neural network (CNN) for encryption. The present paper analyzes the security of this chaotic cipher against chosen-plaintext attacks, and points out that this cipher can be broken by a chosen-plaintext attack. Experimental analyses are given to support the feasibility of the proposed attack.Comment: LNCS style, 7 pages, 1 figure (6 sub-figures