Experimental Analysis And Setup Of Gravity Assisted Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer is one of the most important thing to be considered in thermal industry. There are several type of heat exchangers available for heat transferring purposes. But scientists are involved in finding new methodologies which would further increase the heat transfer rate and the effectiveness of heat transfer by conducting several experiments. Many researchers have found the different methodologies for increasing the heat transfer rate with the application of various research. In this paper we have proposed a new methodology for the heat exchanger in various aspects. In this paper we have proposed a new concept which can be uses in shell and tube heat exchangers. Here we have considered the angle of the heat exchanger to know whether the heat transfer rate increases or decreases with increase in inclination angles of the exchanger. Here we have used the heat exchanger in various angles from 0` to 90` to find at which angle the heat transfer rate is maximum. The experimental analysis shows the heat transfer rate is maximum at 45` and it increases further with increase in the mass flow rate of both the fluids. In this proposal we used water as both hot and cold fluid with varying mass flow rates of the liquids

A study on non invasive predictors of large esophageal varices using clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters.

Portal hypertension- a major hallmark of cirrhosis is defined as a portal pressure gradient exceeding 5-10 mm Hg. In portal hypertension, portosystemic collaterals decompress the portal circulation and give rise to varices. Development of esophageal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding represents a serious consequence in patients with portal hypertension. At the time of diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, esophageal varices are present in about 40% of patients with compensated disease and in 60% of those with decompensated disease and ascites. In patients with liver cirrhosis who do not have detectable esophageal varices, the latter appear at a rate of nearly 5% per year. Also, the size of varices tends to increase with time. It has been estimated that among those with small esophageal varices, nearly 12% progress to large varices annually. The annual incidence of first variceal bleeding has been estimated to be around 4% in non-selected patients with cirrhosis of the liver who have not bled previously. It has been shown that the risk of variceal bleeding is related to the size of esophageal varices, 8 with large esophageal varices being at a greater risk; this is possibly due to a higher variceal wall tension in large esophageal varices. Thus, annual incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding is only 1–2% in patients without varices, 5% in those with small esophageal varices and 15–20% in patients with large esophageal varices

Hymenopteran parasitoids of black-headed caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) in South India

The coconut Black Headed Caterpillar (BHC), Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae), poses a significant threat to coconut plantations in South India. The present study investigates the diversity and prevalence of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with O. arenosella. BHC larvae and pupae were collected from 15 locations spread across 9 districts of Tamil Nadu. Life stages of BHC were reared to observe the emergence of parasitoids. A total of six parasitoids viz., Antrocephalus hakonensis (Ashmead), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan, Kriechbaumerella sp. (Family: Chalcididae), Apanteles sp. (Family: Braconidae), Goniozus nephantidis Muesebeck (Family: Bethylidae) and Xanthopimpla punctata Fabricius (Family: Ichneumonidae) were found to be associated with larvae and pupae of BHC. This study provides the first documented evidence of Kriechbaumerella sp. parasitizing BHC pupae. The level of natural parasitisation by various parasitoid species varied across different sampling locations. Highest natural parasitisation (31.64 %) of BHC was noticed in Tiruppur district. Field surveys and laboratory rearing of collected specimens highlight the potential of these parasitoids for biological control, contributing valuable data towards integrated pest management strategies. Further research into the life cycles, host specificity and ecological interactions of these parasitoids is recommended to enhance their utilization in sustainable agriculture practices

Management of the maize weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) using turmeric (Curcuma longa) essential oil

Among the various insect pests infesting stored maize, the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive pests, capable of causing 100 % infestation and significant qualitative losses. Essential oils (EOs) from botanicals are considered eco-friendly as they show promise against several stored product pests including S. oryzae without leaving any non-toxic residues in the final product. This study aims to evaluate the potential insecticidal effects of essential oil of turmeric, Curcuma longa against S. oryzae under laboratory conditions. A maximum adult mortality of 90.0 % was recorded in fumigant toxicity tests at 65 μL/96 cm³ after 5 days of exposure. Under contact toxicity conditions, 99.13 % mortality was observed at 70 μL after 5 days. Fumigant and contact toxicity tests revealed an LC50 of 60.39 μL and 65.61 μL, respectively, against adults of S. oryzae. At the same concentration (70 μL),turmeric EO observed complete reduction of oviposition and adult emergence. These findings indicate that turmeric EO possesses strong insecticidal properties and could serve as an effective and environmentally safe alternative to synthetic fumigants for the management of S. oryzae in stored maize grains

Essential oil of garlic, Allium sativum L.: A promising alternative for the management of Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

The study evaluates the effectiveness of garlic essential oil as a fumigant and contact toxicant against adult rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera). Garlic essential oil demonstrated significant fumigant toxicity, causing 56.67% adult mortality at a concentration of 3 µl/96 cm³ air on the first day, which increased to 99.13% by the fifth day after treatment (DAT). In addition, garlic essential oil exhibited contact toxicity, achieving up to 100% mortality at doses of 4 and 5 µl/40 g seeds. Even at lower concentrations (1 µl), mortality rates were as high as 78.33%. The calculated LC50 value was 2.58 µl/40 g of seeds. Garlic essential oil also had a considerable effect on reproduction, as no adults emergence was observed from seeds treated with 4 µl/40 g. GC-EAD analysis identified 39 compounds in garlic essential oil, with male and female S. oryzae exhibiting different antennal responses. Females displayed stronger reactions to alcohols and esters, while males were more responsive to alkenes and alkanes. The presence of chemical constituents in garlic essential oil that influence insect behaviour underscores its potential as a viable pest management solution against stored-product pests. Further exploration of these compounds for their insecticidal properties using GC-EAD studies and their development into the formulations could provide significant benefits to farmers and contribute to sustainable pest management practices

Low incidence of positive smooth muscle antibody and high incidence of isolated IgM elevation in Chinese patients with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome: a retrospective study

<p/> <p>Background</p> <p>Up to now, few data are available regarding the clinical characteristics of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome. The study was to investigate and analyze the prevalent and clinical features of Chinese patients with this disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Clinical data on patients diagnosed as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome in our hospital from January 2001 to December 2006 were collected and analyzed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis accounted for 10.33% of patients with autoimmune liver diseases during the past six years. For these patients with overlap syndrome, xanthochromia, lethargy and anorexia were the predominant complaints; a low incidence (14/146) of smooth muscle antibody positivity and a high incidence (37/89) of isolated IgM elevation were the main serological characteristics.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis was not rare in Chinese patients with clinical manifests of autoimmune liver diseases. Overlap of the diseases should not be disregarded when isolated IgM elevation was exhibited, and smooth muscle antibody might have little diagnostic significance in the overlap syndrome. If it was difficult to make a definite diagnosis, liver biopsy was necessary.</p