A review on biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles, characterization, and its applications

The nano-sized particles make an imprint on us in our daily lives and it has great importance in the numerous fields of biotechnology like the food industry, medical and industrial field. Gold nanoparticles are one of the widely used particles as it has many therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery system for many diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus etc. biosensors, and environmental applications of dye degradation, bioremediation of toxic chemicals present in the environment (soil and atmosphere). Gold nanoparticles synthesis by the green route has become the latest development, because of the bioavailability of sources like plants or microorganisms, and it also reduces the utilization of toxic chemicals. This review explains the various microorganisms like bacteria, algae, fungi, actinomycetes and yeast involved in the synthesis of these nanoparticles also elucidate the size, shape and functional groups involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles and its applications

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extract against urinary tract infection pathogen

In modern science, Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are known to be one of the most multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles with its application in treatment of urinary tract infection. Nanoparticles were synthesized using Passiflora caerulea fresh leaf extract and were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive analysis of x-ray (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Therefore, the study reveals an efficient, eco-friendly and simple method for the green synthesis of multifunctional ZnO NPs using P. caerulea. Urinary tract infection causing microbes were isolated from the disease affected patient urine sample. The synthesized nanoparticles have been tested against the pathogenic culture showed a very good zone of inhibition compared with plant extract. It indicates the biomedical capability of ZnO NPs

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles against Foodborne Pathogens

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Planomicrobium sp. and to explore the antibacterial activity against food borne pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, (3053) Klebsiella planticola (2727) Klebsiella pneumoniae (MAA) Serratia nematodiphila (CAA) and Escherichia coli. In the current studies, 1 mM of silver nitrate was added into 100 mL of Planomicrobium sp. culture supernatant. The bioreduction of pure AgNO3 was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive analysis (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the presence of an absorption peak at 400 nm using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The morphology and size of the silver nanoparticles was monitored by TEM and SEM. Crystal structure was obtained by carrying out X-ray diffraction studies and it showed face centered cubic (FCC) structure. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles was compared based on diameter of inhibition zone in well method. Bacterial sensitivity to nanoparticles a key factor in manufacture the suitable for long life application in food packaging and food safety. Food safety is a worldwide health goal and the food borne diseases get a main disaster on health. Therefore, controlling of bacterial pathogens in food is credit of harms associated to health and safety

ANTIOXIDANT AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT PONGAMIA PINNATA (FAMILY: LEGUMINOSEAE)

objectives: A lot of herbal plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases. Methods: This present investigationwas aimed to assess the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous and ethanol extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves against acetaminophen-induced liverdamage in albino rats. Silymarin as a standard drug for comparing the activity. The activity was assessed by comparing the biochemical parametersin serum levels such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase ofplant extracts treated group with acetaminophen treated animals. Results: Results showed, ethanolic extract treated group showed highly significantactivity (p<0.001), whereas aqueous extract treated group has shown the significant (p<0.01) action but less compared with ethanolic extract. Plantextracts restores biochemical enzymes and brings down to normal as compared to standard drug silymarin. Conclusion: This results shows andconfirms the significant protective activity against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.Keywords: Hepatotoxicity, Antioxidant, Acetaminophen, Pongamia pinnata, Herbal plants

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIZED IPOMOEA NIL AGAINST SELECTED PATHOGENS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to investigate a simple and feasible approach for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using leafextract of Ipmoea nil and to evaluate its antibacterial activity.Methods: The AgNPs synthesized was characterized by a change in color and the absorption peaks by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The phytocompounds responsible for the reduction and capping of silver ions was known from Fourier transform infrared spectra and phytochemical analysis.The antibacterial effects of prepared aqueous AgNPs were detected against five types of pathogenic bacteria, including Gram-negative and Grampositivebacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Bacillius, Proteus, and Klebsilla pneumonia) using agar well diffusion method.Results: A peak absorption value between 400 and 450 nm and the color change of the extract from yellowish to red wine were corresponds tothe plasmon absorbance of AgNPs. On the other hand, aqueous extract of I. nil mediated AgNPs found to be effective against tested microorganisms(Salmonella, Bacillus, and Proteus) with inhibition zone in the range of 10-13 mm (20 μl and 10 μl) except E. coli and K. pneumonia. Furthermore,aqueous extract of I. nil leaves had no ability to suppress the growth of the tested microorganisms in the concentration of 10 μl. The control alsoproduced similar inhibition zones like AgNPs.Conclusions: Our findings indicated that green synthesized AgNPs mediated by I. nil leaf extract had an efficient anti-bactericidal activity against thebacterial species tested. Hence, further studies are needed to highlight its mechanism and application as an antibacterial agent.Keywords: Ipomoea nil, Silver nanoparticles, Antibacterial activity, Bacteria

Anti - inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Vitex negundo and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis herbal formulation against oral pathogens

The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Vitex negundo. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Family Malvaceae) leaves had been used in ethnomedicine to treat a variety of human diseases including aphrodisiac, hypertension, wound healing, diabetes mellitus and cancer. In traditional medicine, the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were used to treat dysentery and diarrhoea, to promote the draining of abscesses and as an analgesic. Natural products contained high levels of bioactive compounds that targeted a complex network of proteins involved in a variety of diseases. Vitex negundo (V. negundo), also known as the "chaste tree," was an ethnobotanical significant plant with powerful medicinal properties. In addition to its anti-diabetic properties, V. negundo leaf extract had a beneficial effect on glycoprotein metabolism. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method and MIC assay. Antioxidant activity was evaluated H2O2 assay, FRAP assay and DPPH assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested using egg albumin denaturation and membrane stabilisation methods. All activities demonstrated very good results for the herbal formulation. Natural products had a high propensity to target specific proteins while causing fewer side effects and lower toxicity and greater effectiveness. Aqueous extract of V. negundo and Hibiscus rosa sinensis were used as treatment for a variety of diseases and their products have become commercialised, increasing their demand. Overall, the formulation contributed to health protection and showed potential in the management of autoimmune diseases.

A comparative mini review of the phytochemicals and biological properties of haustorium and endosperm of Cocos nucifera

Natural substances derived from plants and herbs are excellent sources of therapeutic drugs, offering numerous vital properties that benefit human health. Recently, there has been increased interest in utilizing natural products. One notable plant with significant nutraceutical and health benefits is the coconut tree (Cocos nucifera). Humans use various products from the coconut tree, such as coconut oil, water, and husk. Previous research has extensively explored coconut fruit’s endosperm’s nutritional, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties. However, there are limited studies on the phytochemical and nutraceutical attributes of the coconut haustorium, an edible part of the fruit. The coconut haustorium possesses considerable benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antitumor, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, and antidiabetic properties. This review aims to summarize and compare the phytochemical and nutraceutical properties of the coconut haustorium with those of its endosperm. The findings conclude that the coconut haustorium exhibits outstanding nutraceutical and phytochemical properties comparable to the endosperm

In-vitro screening of bio-potency of Cocos nucifera haustorium and its efficacy against HepG2 cell line

Cocos nucifera (coconut) has been extensively studied for its nutraceutical and medicinal properties, but research on the haustorium of C. nucifera is limited. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of the C. nucifera haustorium. Antimicrobial studies were conducted using a well diffusion technique, while antioxidative assays included DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 tests. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using the egg albumin denaturation and HRBC assays, and the anticancer activity was evaluated with the MTT assay. Among the tested bacterial strains, the maximum inhibition zones were 13.33 ± 0.58 mm for E. coli and 12.67 ± 0.58 mm for S. aureus at a 100 µg/mL concentration. Regarding antifungal activity, the haustorium extract demonstrated minimal effect against Candida albicans. The antioxidative activity was notable, with DPPH showing 74.74 ± 1.05%, ABTS at 78.45 ± 0.86%, and hydrogen peroxide at 71.64 ± 0.68%, all at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through the egg albumin denaturation assay, which showed an activity of 72.68 ± 0.87%, and the HRBC assay, which demonstrated 83.93 ± 0.90%. These results were comparable to the standard Diclofenac sodium, which showed 81.33 ± 0.95% inhibition in the egg albumin denaturation assay and 88.3 ± 0.66% in the HRBC assay at 50 µg/mL. Similar trends were observed for anticancer activity against the HepG2 cell line. The treatment caused the cells to shrink and fragment, indicating that the haustorium exhibits significant anticancer properties, leading to apoptosis in human HepG2 cells with an IC50 concentration of 43.91 µg/mL, without affecting normal cells. In conclusion, the results of this study highlight the medicinal properties of the haustorium of C. nucifera, suggesting it as a potential and promising candidate for developing novel drugs in the field of ethnopharmacology

Kindergarten Smiles: Decoding the Relationship between Early Childhood Caries, Feeding Habits, and the Protective Potential of Glass Ionomer Cement"

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of early childhood caries and feeding practice in kindergarten students. The term dental caries is used to describe the result, signs and symptoms of a localized chemical dissolution of the tooth surface caused by metabolic events taking place in the biofilms that cover the affected area. Children in the age range of 12-36 months have a special caries pattern that differs from that in older children.  This cross sectional study was conducted among patients visiting a university dental hospital in Chennai. Descriptive statistics and relation between variables was determined using the chi square test, where p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among 111 children about 27.3% of children belonged to the age group of 3 years, 40.9% of children belonged to the age group of 4 years, 31.8% of children belonged to the age group of 5 years .caries pattern and severe caries in the preschool childrens has long been considered a distinct clinical entity described previously as nursing caries or bottle caries and attributed to prolonged frequent bottle feeding with sweetened liquids. The findings indicate that ECC and feeding habits are significantly associated. Children from deprived families seemed to be most vulnerable with respect to ECC. The content of the bottle feed and feeding practice at night are the strongest factors among all feeding habits associated with ECC