Why aren't more veterinary practices owned or led by women?

The increasing proportion of women among the body of UK veterinary surgeons practicing clinical medicine has been consistently highlighted in RCVS surveys (RCVS 2006, 2010, 2014a). Despite women outnumbering men in clinical practice (57% v 43%) in 2014 (RCVS, 2014a) they do not own veterinary practices or hold practice partnerships or leadership positions in proportions that may be expected, even when adjusting for age and experience (RCVS, 2014b)

Theatre's Role in Integrating American Society Throughout the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond

Theatre's Role in Integrating American Society Throughout the Civil Rights Movement and Beyond Danielle Sappleton Theatre Arts 2015-0

Towards Explaining Variations in Ethnic Politicization in sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study of Senegal and Côte'Ivoire

This dissertation examines in the conditions under which ethnicity becomes politicized in heterogeneous societies: how, and in what ways do political institutions matter? How, and what kinds of political institutions constrain or provide incentives for the use of ethnic identity as a primary mobilizational tool? Many answers to this question focus on the role of formal political institutions (colonial, post-colonial, democratic transition). As in most of the developing countries, however, informal institutions play a crucial role in African politics. To the extent that the rules of the political game governing representation and access to government resources are determined by informal institutions (e.g., institutions of social integration), these rules should be central to any explanations of ethnic politicization or the lack thereof.Drawing on and extending existing theories and analytical frameworks on formal institutions, the dissertation considers the interactive effects of informal political institutions on the forms and outcomes of ethnic mobilization in sub-Saharan Africa. The dissertation finds that informal institutions (e.g., the Sufi Orders in Senegal and voluntary associations in Côte d'Ivoire) and informal institutional rules (e.g., ethnic transcendence and ethnic balancing) can directly affect the politicization of ethnicity. Change in these informal institutional rules may lead to shifts in the political salience of ethnic identity--from low or dormant and contained to dominating the national discourse-- altering incentives for political elites to use ethnic identity as a primary mobilizational tool

The segregation stereotyping bind: social networks and resource acquisition among men and women business owners in gender typical and atypical sectors

This thesis is concerned with gender segregation in entrepreneurship – a phenomenon that is termed here entrepreneurial segregation. Researchers studying occupational segregation have established that sex segregated social networks and gender stereotyping play an integral role in driving sex segregation in employment. Since women are embedded in female-dominated networks and men move in male-dominated circles, they inevitably receive job leads (resources) from members of the same sex. In addition, because of gender stereotyping, those supplying the job leads (resource providers) offer job seekers information about jobs in sectors that are perceived as appropriate for the jobseekerʼs gender. Drawing on this knowledge, Bourdieuian social capital theory and gender role congruency theory, this thesis examines the social networks of men and women entrepreneurs in gender congruent and incongruent business sectors, with the express purpose of uncovering whether an inability to secure business resources poses inhibitive effects on business development of entrepreneurs in gender atypical sectors. Taking an inclusive approach, the purpose of the study was to identify and explain any detriment in resource acquisition experienced by women business owners by comparing their experiences in different industries with those of men. 255 New York City based entrepreneurs operating firms in two maledominated industries (construction and sound recording), one femaledominated industry (childcare) and one integrated industry (publishing) completed an online survey based on the Dutch Resource Generator social network tool. Respondents indicated the specific resources they were able and unable to secure through their networks, the sex of, and relationship to each resource provider, and their experiences of gender stereotyping. A mixture of bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses (Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests, multiple regression and discriminant function analyses) was used to examine the data. The findings revealed that the ability to mobilize resources is strongly influenced by the sex composition of entrepreneursʼ networks, and an interaction between the sex of the business owner and the gender-domination of the industry in which he or she operates. In the female-dominated childcare industry, women were just as successful as men in their attempts to secure resources. Women operating businesses in male-dominated sectors suffered in terms of their ability to obtain resources, particularly financial resources. Men owners of childcare firms did not suffer in the same way, even though they reported relatively high levels of discrimination against them by staff, customers, suppliers and colleagues. Networking strategy had little impact on the ability of nontraditional women to secure resources. This suggests that nontraditional women are locked into a kind of networking bind, a phenomenon that is dubbed the segregation-stereotyping bind

Entrepreneurs' exit and paths to retirement : theoretical and empirical considerations

The number of ageing entrepreneurs in micro- and small-sized companies is rapidly increasing in Finland and other European Union countries. Over half a million jobs, in over one hundred thousand companies within the EU, are lost annually due to unsuccessful, predominantly retirement-related transfers of businesses. This challenge coincides with EU Grand Challenges and has been highlighted in the Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan (European Commission 2013). It has been estimated that in Finland, some 8000 jobs are lost yearly due to the ageing of entrepreneurs. Therefore, entrepreneur ageing has implications not only for the ageing individual but also for the company and the society at large. As entrepreneurs age it becomes more essential for them to start planning when and how they transition into retirement. While they may experience several exits and subsequent re-entries into working life via buying or starting new companies, exiting ones entrepreneurial career due to old age retirement differs from exits that occur earlier during the career. In this chapter, we provide a short overview of the entrepreneur retirement and exit literature from an age perspective. Furthermore, we present a theoretical conceptualization which combines entrepreneur retirement process with exit theories. This will enable scholars to better understand the retirement process, including decision-making, transitioning, and adjustment to retirement. We also provide empirical evidence using data collected among Finnish entrepreneurs in 2012 and 2015, where we outline the types of exits and assess several factors, including age, in association with exit intentions.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Overcoming the Segregation/Stereotyping Dilemma

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Is Senegal a Consolidated Democracy? Alternations, Corruption and Cultural Relativism

Abstract For the last two decades, scholars within the dominant, largely Western, approaches to democratic consolidation have considered the consolidation of democracy in sub-Saharan Africa to be stymied, if not impossible. Drawing on the various models of this democratic consolidation, this article seeks to examine whether African (and Latin American) democracies have really failed to meet all the necessary criteria of democratic consolidation, or whether the measures and/or application of the dominant approaches are methodologically flawed in their application to non-Western cases. The case study analysis suggests that while Senegal has sufficiently met the ‘alternation of power’ requirement as well as demonstrating significant deepening of democracy, it has failed to maintain low levels of governmental corruption – a necessary criterion for consolidation according to the dominant approaches. Moreover, given their contagion effect, larger regional instabilities pose a significant threat to the country’s democratic survivability. However, as the case study analysis suggests, while these factors remain a matter of concern, when comparisons are drawn with countries such as Italy, Greece and Spain, they may not be as crucial in explaining why Senegal and other new democracies are not considered consolidated democracies as they may initially seem.</jats:p

When the “Manny” is the Boss. An Exploratory Study into Discrimination and Preferential Treatment Perceived by Men Childcare Business Owners

There are three major oversights in the extant literature on occupational segregation. Firstly, the study of segregation is confined to employed workers ignoring the experiences of those in self-employment. Secondly, gender segregation tends to be studied from the perspective of women : there are few published accounts of the experiences of men in traditionally female roles. Finally, existing studies tend to document the negative, but not the positive consequences of gender segregation. This paper begins to address these gaps through an explorative, descriptive study comparing the experiences of men business owners in both gender congruent (construction and sound recording) and gender incongruent (childcare) sectors. 93 New York City based male business owners com­pleted a survey into experiences of positive and negative discrimination by individuals with whom they do business. The data they provided suggest that men owners of childcare businesses do experience gender discrimination. Although some respondents reported preferential treatment from customers, on the whole the evidence points to greater negative than positive discrimination against male owners of childcare businesses