Impact of Weather Conditions and Farming Systems on Size Distribution of Starch Granules and Flour Yield of Winter Wheat

The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of finne flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules

Visualization of the AI Control Problem

Bakalaureusetöö eesmärk on tõsta teadlikkust tehisintellekti kontrollimise probleemist. Tehisintellekti kontrollimise probleem tegeleb küsimusega: kuidas luua tehisintellekt, mis on inimestest intelligentsem, aga ikka selle üle kontrolli hoida. Ehk teisisõnu, kuidas luua tehisintellekt nii, et see teeks inimkonnale head, mitte halba. Selle probleemi teadlikkuse tõstmiseks arendati veebileht, mis on ühendatud toestusõppe raamistikuga ja laseb külastajatel näha, kuidas tehisintellekt selles keskkonnas käitub. Veebileht sisaldab ka tehisintellekti kontrolliva neurovõrgustiku visualisatsiooni ja informatsiooni tehisintellekti kontrollimise probleemi kohta.The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to raise awareness about the AI control problem. The AI control problem is basically how to control an AI that is more intelligent than humans, to be sure that an AI will end up aiding instead of harming humanity. For this purpose, a web page was developed that is connected to a reinforcement learning framework and allows visitors to see an AI agent interacting in an environment. The visitors can edit the environment to experiment with different configurations. The web page also contains a visualization of the network controlling the agent and information about the AI control problem

Vozidla s elektrickým hnacím ústrojím

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá současnou koncepcí vozidel s elektrickým hnacím ústrojím. Práce obsahuje dvě hlavní části a to jsou teoretická a praktická. Teoretická část popisuje hlavní vlastnosti a konstrukci moderních elektrických vozidel. Tato část také popisuje rozvoj infrastruktury pro elektromobily. Pro praktickou část byl zvolen software a prostřednictvím tohoto softwaru byla vytvořena simulace modelu vozidla s elektrickým pohonem.This bachelor's work focuses on the modern concept of electric vehicle powertrains. The work consists of two main parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes the main characteristics and design of modern electric vehicles. This section also describes the development of infrastructure for electric vehicles. For the practical part was selected software and with the help of this software was created a simulation model of an electric car

Damaskuse mustritest inspireeritud nahkkotid

Loov-praktiline lõputööks on damaskuse terase mustritest inspireeritud dekoratsiooniga nakkkotid. Autori eesmärk oli luua damaskuse terase mustritest inspireeritud uued mustrid, mis annaksid edasi sellise terase kihilist koostist. Kahekihilisest materjalist valmistatud nahast kottide dekoreerimisel lähtutakse väänatud damaskuse, loomulikul teel ehk autoritehnikas tekkinud damaskuse ning tempeldamaskuse mustristhttp://www.ester.ee/record=b4681453*es

Erakondade riikliku rahastamise mõju erakondade tajutava korruptsiooni vähendamisele

Erakondade riiklik rahastamine ja sellega seonduvad mehhanismid on erilise hoo sisse saanud viimase 20 aasta jooksul, eesmärgiga suurendada erakondade iseseisvust ja isemajandamist ning seeläbi vähendada korruptsiooni, mis omakorda peaks tugevdama demokraatlikku korda riigis. Selleks, et kontrollida, kas erakondade riiklikust rahastamisest on ka kasu korruptsiooni ohjamises, katsetati seda MSDO meetodil. Kõigepealt näitas võrdlus India ja Läti, kui asjakohastes aspektides sarnaste riikide, vahel, et antud hüpoteesil võib olla tõepõhi all. Lätis, kus erakondi rahastatakse alates 2012. aastast riiklikult, on tajutava korruptsiooni tase madalam kui Indias. Paraku pole erakondade riiklik rahastamine Lätisveel soovitud mõjukaasa toonud, sest 2012. aastast alates ei ole Läti parteide tajutav korruptsioonitase Transparency Internationali andmetel langustendentse näitama hakanud. Seevastu CPI viimased andmed viitavad, et üleüldine tajutav korruptsioon on siiski langustrendis. Lõplikku võrdlust on keeruline teha, sest andmed on puudulikud ja korruptsiooni mõõtmise metodoloogia on aja jooksul muutunud ja seetõttu pole ka võimalik teha usaldusväärset lõplikku järeldust. Kindlasti väärib antud teema veel tähelepanu ja arendamist, otstarbekas on oodata näiteks Läti kohta enama informatsiooni avaldamist Transparency Internationali poolt. Otse loomulikult võiks püüda leida veelgi asjakohasemaid aspekte, mille alusel riike omavahel võrrelda. Selle töö koostamisel kättesaadavate andmete põhjal ei olnud võimalikkahtlusteta tõestadahüpoteesi, et erakondade riiklik rahastamine aitab vähendada tajutavat erakondade korruptsiooni, aga lõplikke järelduste tegemiseks on liiga vähe andmeid.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4580991*es

Effect of the Lactation Months on Milk Composition of the Second-Parity Lacaune Ewes

Received: February 24th, 2021 ; Accepted: December 22nd, 2021 ; Published: December 22nd, 2021 ; Correspondence: [email protected] research aims to determine the chemical composition of Lacaune ewe milk produced in Estonia, as well as the correlations and the influence the stages of lactation have on milk. The study was carried out on fifty-one second-parity ewes. The analysis involved a total of 178 milk samples collected monthly from the second to the seventh month of lactation. Milk analyses included the determination of the contents of total solids, fat, total protein, casein, casein index, lactose, ash, P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, somatic cell count and pH. The Lacaune ewes’ milk contained on average 18.62% total solids, 7.75% fat, 5.74% total protein, 4.32% casein, 4.76% lactose, 0.89% ash, 160.26 mg 100 g -1 Ca, 140.07 mg 100 g -1 P, 135.21 mg 100 g -1 K, 46.44 mg 100 g -1 Na, 17.66 mg 100 g -1 Mg. Overall means for casein index, pH value and somatic cell scores were 75.35%, 6.61 and 12.62, respectively. It was found that the month of lactation significantly affected almost all monitored traits except somatic cell score, casein index and Ca content. The contents of total solids, fat, total protein, casein, ash, P, and Mg increased, while the lactose content, and pH value decreased with the advancing lactation. Sodium content was highest and potassium content lowest value during mid-lactation. Producers must take into account that the composition of Lacaune ewe milk depends on the stage of lactation and may, therefore, affect the production process and the final quality of the product

Bovine colostrum whey: Postpartum changes of particle size distribution and immunoglobulin G concentration at different filtration pore sizes

Bovine colostrum, as vital as it is for calves, is also a valuable source of functional components with rich health benefits for humans. Bovine colostrum whey consists of a large number of bioactive proteins and peptides. The most abundant of these is IgG. Particle size distribution (PSD) is an important feature of many of the processes in the dairy food industries. Despite this, scientific literature on PSD of colostrum whey is scarce. The goal of this research was to describe bovine colostrum whey PSD with an emphasis on postpartum milking time, filtration (pore size 450, 100, and 20 nm), IgG concentration, and lactation number. For this purpose, 4 postpartum milking colostrum samples were sequentially milked from 46 Holstein cows at 12 ± 1 h intervals. Colostrum whey was prepared by renneting and diluted (1:200) for PSD analyses by a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). Immunoglobulin G concentration of these diluted colostrum whey samples were analyzed by an Octet K2 (Molecular Devices LLC, San Jose, CA) system. Linear mixed model analysis revealed significant effects of filter pore size, postpartum milking, and lactation on colostrum whey IgG concentrations. The percentage of particles in the size interval 5 to 15 nm (the hydrodynamic diameter of IgG is around 10 nm) had an intermediate positive correlation (r = 0.50) with IgG concentration. Furthermore, we showed that PSD was associated with IgG concentration, postpartum milking time, and lactation number. The PSD measurement results showed the mean hydrodynamic diameter of 100 nm pore size filtered colostrum whey to be around 10 nm. This, with the IgG concentration results, suggests that even though the size of IgG is around 10 nm, a 100 nm pore size is adequate for membrane-involved IgG separations. In terms of energy efficiency of the filtration process, the use of a larger filter pore size can make a remarkable difference, for example, in pressurizing and cooling costs. Our work contributes to the development of sustainable and widely available colostrum-derived food and feed supplements.This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 810630 “ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies of the Estonian University of Life Sciences (VALORTECH)” and the Estonian University of Life Sciences research and development base financing (P170195VLTQ). The authors declare no conflict of interest