Aproximación histórica a la crisis de la codificación del Derecho Internacional

This article provides an initial historical approach to the issue of the crisis of international codification of international law. It includes a periodization made by the authors, outlining the characteristics of the international codification process at each stage. It also addresses the role played by the ILC in the process of codification of international law.El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación del derecho internacional. Incluye una periodización realizada por las autoras, donde se esbozan las características de este fenómeno en cada etapa. Así mismo, se aborda el rol jugado por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) en el proceso codificador del derecho internacional

Aproximación histórica a la crisis de la codificación del Derecho Internacional

El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación del derecho internacional. Incluye una periodización realizada por las autoras, donde se esbozan las características de este fenómeno en cada etapa. Así mismo, se aborda el rol jugado por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) en el proceso codificador del derecho internacional

Coffee resistance to the main diseases : leaf rust and coffee berry disease

Sucesso considerável tem sido obtido no uso do melhoramento clássico para o controle de doenças de plantas economicamente importantes, tais como a ferrugem alaranjada das folhas e a antracnose dos frutos do cafeeiro (CBD). Há um grande consenso de que o uso de plantas geneticamente resistentes é o meio mais apropriado e eficaz em termos de custos do controle das doenças das plantas, sendo também um dos elementos chave do melhoramento da produção agrícola. Tem sido também reconhecido que um melhor conhecimento do agente patogênico e dos mecanismos de defesa das plantas permitirá o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens no sentido de aumentar a durabilidade da resistência. Após uma breve descrição de conceitos na área da resistência das plantas às doenças, nesta revisão tentou-se dar uma idéia do progresso na investigação da ferrugem alaranjada do cafeeiro e do CBD relativamente ao processo de infecção e variabilidade dos agentes patogênicos, melhoramento do cafeeiro para a resistência e mecanismos de resistência do cafeeiro

Functional assessment of older patients in the emergency department: comparison between standard instruments, medical records and physicians' perceptions

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the accuracy of physician recognition of functional status impairment in older emergency departments (ED) patients. In particular, we evaluated the accuracy of medical records (a comparison of the information in the medical record with the functional status based on proxy interviews), and the accuracy of physician knowledge (a comparison of the information obtained from the responsible physician with the functional status based on proxy interviews). METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 101 frail older patients selected at random from among those attending ED, their ED physicians, and respondents. The study was conducted at ED in four general university teaching hospitals in a city, from July through November 2003. Functional data shown on patients' medical records were compared against functional data obtained from respondents (family members), using Kendall's Tau-b statistic. In addition patients' Katz Indices (which assesses six basic activities of daily living – basic ADL) based on interviews with ED physicians were compared against those obtained from respondents, using the coefficient of concordance weighted kappa (κ). Each patient and his respondent were paired with a single physician. RESULTS: The correlation between information on dependence for basic ADL obtained from medical records and that furnished by respondents, was 0.41 (95% CI 0.27–0.55). Concordance between the respective Katz Indices obtained from physicians and respondents was 0.47 (95% CI 0.38–0.57). CONCLUSION: Older subjects' functional status is not properly assessed by emergency department physicians

First Phase 1 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Rectal Microbicide Trial Using UC781 Gel with a Novel Index of Ex Vivo Efficacy

Objectives: Successful control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic requires reduction of HIV-1 transmission at sexually-exposed mucosae. No prevention studies of the higher-risk rectal compartment exist. We report the first-in-field Phase 1 trial of a rectally-applied, vaginally-formulated microbicide gel with the RT-inhibitor UC781 measuring clinical and mucosal safety, acceptability and plasma drug levels. A first-in-Phase 1 assessment of preliminary pharmacodynamics was included by measuring changes in ex vivo HIV-1 suppression in rectal biopsy tissue after exposure to product in vivo. Methods: HIV-1 seronegative, sexually-abstinent men and women (N = 36) were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing UC781 gel at two concentrations (0.1%, 0.25%) with placebo gel (1:1:1). Baseline, single-dose exposure and a separate, 7-day at-home dosing were assessed. Safety and acceptability were primary endpoints. Changes in colorectal mucosal markers and UC781 plasma drug levels were secondary endpoints; ex vivo biopsy infectibility was an ancillary endpoint. Results: All 36 subjects enrolled completed the 7-14 week trial (100% retention) including 3 flexible sigmoidoscopies, each with 28 biopsies (14 at 10 cm; 14 at 30 cm). There were 81 Grade 1 adverse events (AEs) and 8 Grade 2; no Grade 3, 4 or procedure-related AEs were reported. Acceptability was high, including likelihood of future use. No changes in mucosal immunoinflammatory markers were identified. Plasma levels of UC781 were not detected. Ex vivo infection of biopsies using two titers of HIV-1 BaL showed marked suppression of p24 in tissues exposed in vivo to 0.25% UC781; strong trends of suppression were seen with the lower 0.1% UC781 concentration. Conclusions: Single and 7-day topical rectal exposure to both concentrations of UC781 were safe with no significant AEs, high acceptability, no detected plasma drug levels and no significant mucosal changes. Ex vivo biopsy infections demonstrated marked suppression of HIV infectibility, identifying a potential early biomarker of efficacy. (Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov; #NCT00408538). © 2011 Anton et al

Aproximación histórica a la crisis de la codificación del Derecho Internacional

El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación del derecho internacional. Incluye una periodización realizada por las autoras, donde se esbozan las características de este fenómeno en cada etapa. Así mismo, se aborda el rol jugado por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) en el proceso codificador del derecho internacional

Aproximación histórica a la crisis de la codificación del Derecho Internacional

El presente artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica inicial al tema de la crisis de la codificación del derecho internacional. Incluye una periodización realizada por las autoras, donde se esbozan las características de este fenómeno en cada etapa. Así mismo, se aborda el rol jugado por la Comisión de Derecho Internacional (CDI) en el proceso codificador del derecho internacional

Construction and interior modelling principles of bath-house

Pirts paši dziļākie aizsākumi nav izdibināmi, taču ir zināms, ka jau kopš seniem laikiem šis process, kas norisinās pirtī ar cilvēka ķermeni, ir bijis nepieciešams gan veselības uzturēšanai, gan garīgai atpūtai. Lai arī cik modernizēta vide nebūtu mūsdienās, cilvēku vienmēr ir piesaistījušas dabīgas un tradicionālas vērtības, tādēļ tās ir saglabājušās šos daudzos gadu tūkstošus. Diplomdarba mērķis ir iepazīstināt lasītājus ar pirts būvniecības un interjera veidošanas principiem no senatnes līdz mūsdienām, kā arī izveidot interjera projektu viesu mājai, apvienojot iegūto informāciju par tā izstrādes īpatnībām. Lai sasniegtu mērķi, baltoties uz teorētiskās literatūras un avotu analīzes, pētījumā rasts priekšstats par dažādu pirts veidu vēsturi un to veidošanas īpatnībām, kā arī sniegts ieskats pirts plānojumu dažādībā un izīrējamu mūsdienu pirts ēku piedāvājumā Latvijā. Darbā ietilpst: teorētiskais apraksts un pētījuma daļa, radošais projekts – plāni, rasējumi, tāme un 3D vizualizācijas, kā arī attēlu pielikums.The deepest beginnings of sauna are very difficult to find, however from ancient times this process with human body in the sauna has been necessary for the both health and mental relaxation. No matter how modernized environment could be nowadays, people are always attracted to the natural and traditional values, therefore they have been preserved many thousands of years. Diploma thesis’s aim is to introduce readers with sauna building and interior making principles from ancient times until today, also to create interior design project for the guest house, combining the information about the features of design. To achieve the aim, based on the theoretical literature and sources of analysis, research been found view of the various types of sauna history and its making features, and also provides insight into the sauna in diversity of programming and rented modern sauna building supply in Latvia. Diploma thesis includes: theoretical description and part of the research, creative project - plans, drawings, cost estimates and 3D visualization, as well as images attachment