The Influence of Mixing Conditions of Reaction Medium on Protease-Catalyzed Peptide Synthesis: The Use of Sonication

Sonication was demonstrated to be a useful method mixing reactoin medium. A model reaction, Boc-Gly-OH + H-Phe-N₂H₂Ph → Boc-Gly-phe-N₂H₂Ph, was adopted to compare two mixing methods of medium, sonication and magnetic-stirring. Under biphasic system including 25% of organic solvent, sonication was preferable to magnetic-stirring for several cosolvents and showed being able to have some potentiality as mixing method. On the other hand another model reaction, Boc-Tyr (Bzl)-OH + H-Gly-N₂H₂Ph→Boc-Tyr (Bzl)-Gly-N₂H₂Ph, which had not been achieved by other investigators, was progressed by the new mixing method. This new method may form other certain reaction-field in the medium.Article信州大学農学部紀要 26(1・2): 21-26(1990)departmental bulletin pape

The Influence of Mixing Conditions of Reaction Medium on Protease-Catalyzed Peptide Synthesis: The Use of Sonication

Sonication was demonstrated to be a useful method mixing reactoin medium. A model reaction, Boc-Gly-OH + H-Phe-N₂H₂Ph → Boc-Gly-phe-N₂H₂Ph, was adopted to compare two mixing methods of medium, sonication and magnetic-stirring. Under biphasic system including 25% of organic solvent, sonication was preferable to magnetic-stirring for several cosolvents and showed being able to have some potentiality as mixing method. On the other hand another model reaction, Boc-Tyr (Bzl)-OH + H-Gly-N₂H₂Ph→Boc-Tyr (Bzl)-Gly-N₂H₂Ph, which had not been achieved by other investigators, was progressed by the new mixing method. This new method may form other certain reaction-field in the medium.Articleapplication/pdf信州大学農学部紀要 26(1・2): 21-26(1990)departmental bulletin pape

Defects in autophagosome-lysosome fusion underlie Vici syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder with multisystem involvement

AbstractVici syndrome (VICIS) is a rare, autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with multisystem involvement characterized by agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, combined immunodeficiency, developmental delay, and hypopigmentation. Mutations in EPG5, a gene that encodes a key autophagy regulator, have been shown to cause VICIS, however, the precise pathomechanism underlying VICIS is yet to be clarified. Here, we describe detailed clinical (including brain MRI and muscle biopsy) and genetic features of nine Japanese patients with VICIS. Genetic dissection of these nine patients from seven families identified 14 causative mutations in EPG5. These included five nonsense, two frameshift, three splicing, one missense, and one multi-exon deletion mutations, and two initiation codon variants. Furthermore, cultured skin fibroblasts (SFs) from two affected patients demonstrated partial autophagic dysfunction. To investigate the function of EPG5, siRNA based EPG5 knock-down, and CRISPR/Cas9 mediated EPG5 knock-out HeLa cells were generated. EPG5-depleted cells exhibited a complete block of autophagic flux caused by defective autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Unexpectedly, endocytic degradation was normal in both VICIS SFs and EPG5 depleted cells, suggesting that EPG5 function is limited to the regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion.</jats:p