State and progress of Andean lupin cultivation in Europe: a review

ReviewLupinus mutabilis is an important source of protein in different Andean countries, and its use in diets, particularly those of less wealthy individuals, has been observed for thousands of years. There is an increasing demand for protein crops suitable for Europe and this species is a potential candidate. Assessment of Lupinus mutabilis genetic material in European conditions started more than 40 years ago, with the characterization of a vast number of accessions from the Andean region. In this review, abiotic and biotic constraints to L. mutabilis cultivation in European soil and climatic conditions are discussed, and cultivation management practices are suggested. The beneficial interaction of L. mutabilis with Bradyrhizobium strains in the soil and various pollinator species is also discussed, and the effect of abiotic stresses on these interactions is highlighted. Prospects of alternative uses of L. mutabilis biomass in Northern Europe and opportunities for breeding strategies are discussed. In conclusion, the different approach to crop modeling for Southern and Northern European climatic conditions is highlightedinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Metabolomics of red wines aged traditionally, with chips or staves

Traditionally and alternatively aged wines’ odour activity values (OAVs) are investigated to differentiate and highlight the differences between the selected methods. An analysis of the volatile aroma compounds of wines derived from ageing in barrels, oak chips, and staves was performed using stir bar sorptive extraction chromatography–mass spectroscopy (SBSE-GC-MS). The results showed that alcohols, esters, and oak compounds were the main contributors to aroma, and their OAVs were higher in the stave samples after 3 months than in the samples from the other two systems of ageing. Furthermore, wines aged with staves have stronger fruity, spiced, and woody aromas, while samples aged in barrels present more chemistry-driven, floral, caramelly, and creamy aromas. The staves—medium plus toast (SMPT at 3 months > 225) and chips—medium plus toast (CMPT at 3 months > 170) showed the highest levels of aromatic series, suggesting that alternative systems provided more powerful aromas than traditional systems, such as barrels—medium plus toast (BMPT at 3 months > 150). A principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis, and cluster analysis allowed for a clear differentiation to be made between red wines according to ageing systems and ageing times. The odour activity values fingerprint in winemaking is a feasible approach to characterise and distinguish wines. Moreover, OAVs provide important information on the effects of production methods on wine quality and aroma profile

Gli score clinici nell’insufficienza cardiaca cronica: esiste uno score ideale

Numerous prognostic markers have shown to be predictive of patient outcome in heart failure (HF). The recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic HF have identified as many as 57 individual markers in patients with HF, including demographic data, etiology, comorbidities, clinical, radiological, hemodynamic, echocardiographic and biochemical parameters. If more accurate risk stratification is required, several scoring systems have been proposed. This article reviews scoring systems for HF prognostication. Although most of the models include readily available clinical information, usually NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and comorbidities, quite a few of them comprise Doppler echocardiographic variables, other than LVEF, and circulating levels of natriuretic peptides. In order to achieve a better prediction of the outcome, an ideal score should be based on a comprehensive Doppler echocardiographic examination, the assessment of circulating biomarkers, and a more objective evaluation of exercise tolerance

Adenosine Receptor mRNA Expression in Normal and Failing Minipig Hearts

Background: Chronic heart failure (HF) results in possibly beneficial endogenous adenosina accumulation. The final biological action of adenosine in a particular organ or cell population may depend on the relative expression level and signaling efficiency of the individual adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. Aim: To determine myocardial expression of ARs, in the different chambers of failing compared to normal minipig hearts. Materials and Methods: Cardiac tissue (left and right atrium, left and right ventricle) was collected from male adult minipigs without (control, C, n=5) and with pacing-induced HF (n=5). ARs mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR together with TNF– mRNA expression. Results: A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R were expressed in all cardiac regions analyzed and, after 3 weeks of pacing, in left ventricle mRNA of each ARs resulted more expressed that in controls (A3R/gapdh: C=0.2±0.07 vs. HF: 1.4±0.5 p=0.03). TNF– mRNA expression resulted significantly higher in left ventricle of HF pig (p=0.009). We also observed a significant correlation between TNF– mRNA expression and A1R (r=0.6 p=0.0002), A2AR (r=0.8 p<0.0001), A2BR (r=0.9 p<0.0001), A3R (r=0.7 p<0.0001). Conclusion: ARs mRNA espression were characterized simultaneously in all cardiac chambers of normal and HF animals. All ARs, and expecially AR3 subtype, are expressed in all cardiac chambers and, compared to controls, overexpressed in left ventricle. Ref.:Picano E et al.Tips 1998; 19:14-16

Adenosine receptors mRNA expression in normal and failing minipig heart

Background: Chronic heart failure (HF) results in possibly beneficial endogenous adenosina accumulation. The final biological action of adenosine in a particular organ or cell population may depend on the relative expression level and signaling efficiency of the individual adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. Aim: To determine myocardial expression of ARs, in the different chambers of failing compared to normal minipig hearts. Materials and Methods: Cardiac tissue (left and right atrium, left and right ventricle) was collected from male adult minipigs without (control, C, n1⁄45) and with pacing-induced HF (n1⁄45). ARs mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR together with TNF–a mRNA expression. Results: A1R, A2AR, A2BR and A3R were expressed in all cardiac regions analyzed and, after 3 weeks of pacing, in left ventricle mRNA of each ARs resulted more expressed that in controls(A3R/gapdh: C1⁄40.2+0.07 vs. HF: 1.4+0.5 p1⁄40.03). TNF–a mRNA expression resulted significantly higher in left ventricle of HF pig (p1⁄40.009). We also observed a significant correlation between TNF–a mRNA expression and A1R (r1⁄40.6 p1⁄40.0002), A2AR (r1⁄40.8 p,0.0001), A2BR (r1⁄40.9 p,0.0001), A3R (r1⁄40.7 p,0.0001). Conclusion: ARs mRNA espression were characterized simultaneously in all cardiac chambers of normal and HF animals. All ARs, and expecially AR3 subtype, are expressed in all cardiac chambers and, compared to controls, overexpressed in left ventricle