The structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of Mesoproterozoic orogens

The Mesoproterozoic (1600–1000 Ma) is an Era of Earth history that has been defined in the literature as being quiescent in terms of both tectonics and the evolution of the biosphere and atmosphere (Holland, 2006, Piper, 2013b and Young, 2013). The ‘boring billion’ is an informal term that is given to a time period overlapping the Mesoproterozoic period, extending from 1.85 to 0.85 Ga (Holland, 2006). Orogenesis was not absent from this period however, with various continents featuring active accretionary orogenesis along their margins for the entire Mesoproterozoic (see Condie, 2013 and Roberts, 2013), and others featuring major continental collisional orogenesis that relates to the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia towards the end of the Mesoproterozoic. Looking at it another way, this period followed the formation of perhaps the first long-lived supercontinent, Columbia (a.k.a. Nuna), and then it prepared the ground for the momentous geological and biological events in the Neoproterozoic that paved the way for the Cambrian explosion of life. As such it is a very important period of Earth history to understand better. Do orogens formed in the Mesoproterozoic differ from those formed in the recent past, or those formed in early Earth history, and if so in what way? Do orogens in the Mesoproterozoic have distinct structural, metamorphic or magmatic characteristics? How are Mesoproterozoic orogens related geodynamically and kinematically? These are overarching questions that this collection of sixteen research papers aims to address. This introduction presents a brief discussion of the contribution of these papers to these questions and topics

Accidental Impact Resistance of non-disconnectable bouy type FPSO

The surroundings of offshore structures consist of many components controlled by nature, but also some that are managed by people- ships. Due these factors, ship collisions are a constant threat to offshore installations because human error can occur.This report consists of two main problems: the effect of ballast water in collisions, and the effects of decoupling the collision problem into internal and external mechanics. Both of the problems are analyzed using LS-DYNA. The finite element models for the analyses are created using MSC Patran. Ideally, the effects from fluids were to be included in both problems. How to model fluids and fluid structure interaction was therefore learned. A simple analysis where a platform floated with an almost constant draft was successfully performed. The vertical motion was only 8 cm. To verify the fluid modeling in LS-DYNA, analyses were performed to calculate added mass coefficients. The coefficients were compared to added mass coefficients calculated in Wadam with the same geometry. When comparing the added mass coefficients, it was found that they did not match at all for periods over 10 seconds. The first collision problem investigated, is the effects of internal fluids in collisions. The case used in the analyses, is a rigid sphere impacting a stiffened tank. Analyses are performed for different filling levels and impact velocities. The energy dissipations and contact forces are compared to that of the empty tank. The results show that the presence of ballast water has a clear effect on both the contact force and energy dissipation. The contact force, for a given deformation, increases when water is present in the tank. The increase is however small when the impact speed is 2 m/s before the water reaches the ceiling of the tank. For larger impact velocities, the presence of water clearly strengthens the ballast tank for all defomations. When there is water in the tank, the energy dissipation is larger and the maximum contact force is in the same range as for the empty tank. It is concluded that since the ballast water strengthens the tank, it is conservative to neglect the internal fluid for the tank, and non-conservative to neglect the internal fluid in the tank for the impacting structure. The second problem considered, was to study the effect of decoupling the collision problem into internal mechanics and external dynamics. Unlike the first problem, analyses including the effects from water without simplification are not successfully performed. A collision between Moss Maritimes Octopus and a shuttle tanker is used as a case. Four different realistic collision scenarios are chosen to be analyzed. The scenarios are analyzed using integrated analyses, and by decoupling the problem into external an internal mechanics. The results for the decoupled analyses were quite similar to the integrated analyses. The energy dissipation was successfully calculated within 10 \% for all the analyses with an impact angel of 30 degrees and less using simplified methods. It was seen from the analyses that the deformation of the ship estimated decoupling the problem was typically too small, and the deformation of the platform, typically too large. The decoupled analyses were therefore conservative from the platforms point of view, and non-conservative from the ships point of view

Climate fluctuations and the spring invasion of the North Sea by Calanus finmarchicus

The population of Calanus finmarchicus in the North Sea is replenished each spring by invasion from an overwintering stock located beyond the shelf edge. A combincation of field observations, statistical analysis of Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) data, and particle tracking model simulations, was used to investigate the processes involved in the cross-shelf invasion. The results showed that the main source of overwintering animals entering the North Sea in the spring is at depths of greater than 600m in the Faroe Shetland Channel, where concentrations of up to 620m -3 are found in association with the overflow of Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW) across the Iceland Scotland Ridge. The input of this water mass to the Faroe Shetland Channel, and hence the supply of overwintering C. finmarchicus, has declined since the late 1960s due to changes in convective processes in the Greenland Sea. Beginning in February, animals start to emerge from the overwintering state and migrate to the surface waters, where their transport into the North Sea is mainly determined by the incidence of north-westerly winds that have declined since the 1960s. Together, these two factors explain a high proportion of the 30-year trends in spring abundance in the North Sea as measured by the CPR survey. Both the regional winds and the NSDW overflow are connected to the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), which is an atmospheric climate index, but with different time scales of response. Thus, interannual fluctuations in the NAO can cause immediate changes in the incidence of north-westerly winds without leading to corresponding changes in C. finmarchicus abundance in the North Sea, because the NSDW overflow responds over longer (decadal) time scales

Ein kvalitativ studie av elevsamtale i gjennomføring av memoryspel med matematiske definisjonar

Målet med denne studien var å sjå kva element som var framtredande i den elevsamtalen som oppstod i gjennomføring av memoryspel med matematiske definisjonar, og kva for nokre indikasjonar på læringsmoglegheiter som var synlege i samtalen. Oppgåva kartlegg dette basert på elevsitat i gjennomføring av aktiviteten. Gjennomføringa av aktiviteten, memoryspel med matematiske definisjonar, gjekk føre seg i ei økt på 90 minutt. Elevane gjennomførte memoryspel i grupper på to og tre stykk, totalt tre grupper. Studien nyttar kvalitative forskingsmetodar. For å kunne få innsikt i elevsamtalen som oppstod, filma eg elevane i gjennomføringa av denne økta, og gjorde eitt opptak per gruppe. Sjølve opptaka er på rundt 30 minutt. Den samtalen som oppstod i kvar av gruppene, danna grunnlaget for å kunne svare på kva som er framtredande i samtalen, samt kva indikasjonar på læringsmoglegheiter som er synleg. Oppgåva legg blant anna til grunn Tall og Vinner (1981) sine definisjonar av omgrepsbilete og omgrepsdefinisjon. Eg nyttar meg også blant anna av Gert Hana (2013) sin definisjonsteori og Kobiela og Lehrer (2015) og De Villiers (1998) si forsking i studiane av resultata frå datainnsamlinga. Det vart funne fem element i datamateriale som var framtredande, og fire indikasjonar på læringsmoglegheiter. Dei framtredande elementa i datamateriale var: Omgrepsbilete og omgrepsdefinisjon, matematiske spørsmål, respons på matematiske spørsmål eller utsegn, metadiskusjon og indikasjon på løysing av ei kognitiv konflikt. Elementa som hadde indikasjonar på læringsmoglegheiter var: Matematiske spørsmål, korrigering, metadiskusjon og indikasjon på løysing av ei kognitiv konflikt. Det siste elementet, indikasjon på løysing av ei kognitiv konflikt, er eit funn av stort omfang, og dette funnet inneheld delar frå alle dei andre elementa. Å oppnå løysing på kognitiv konflikt hos ein elev, er det optimale utbyttet for elevane etter arbeid med å definere, og det ein bør ha som mål å oppnå. Studien har gjett forståing av korleis samtaler rundt definisjonar mellom elevane artar seg og peikt på læringsmoglegheitane som kan vere til stades i ein slik elevsamtale knytt til matematiske definisjonar. Studien tyder også på at elevane har manglande opplæring i det å definere som ein aktivitet og definisjonar generelt.Masteroppgåve i matematikkMAT399KMAMN-LÆREMAMN-MA

Density driven currents in the Barents Sea calculated by a numerical model

A baroclinic, 3-D model is described. It is adapted to a Barents Sea situation in order to simulate the currents in this area. The model is of a so-called level type which contains fixed, but permeable levels. It also includes thermodynamics which allow freezing and melting of ice. Using density data obtained during the autumn 1988, a current pattern, driven by density and bottom topography is simulated. No wind is applied. The simulated current pattern gives an overall picture which is similar to what is observed through the few measurements that are available. Good agreements with the observations is found on the Svalbard bank, Tromsøflaket and along the Nowaya Zemlya Coast. In the Bear Island/Hopen depth the model predicts a large eddy which has not been observed. Several smaller, topographical steared eddies are seen in the eastern part of the model area

De politiserende embetsmenn : en tradisjon i norsk forvaltning

Min analyse samler seg om de to store reformregimer i moderne norsk historie, embetsmannsstaten (1814-1884) og arbeiderpartistaten (1945-1981). Derved aksentueres en kontinuitet mellom disse to som eliteregimer. I sentrum står de politiserende embetsmenn: politisk agerende embetsmenn som ut fra en mer eller mindre vitenskapelig forankret ideologi bedrev radikalt reformarbeid. I en avsluttende del reflekterer jeg omkring tradisjonen fra de politiserende embetsmenn i den nye styringssituasjon med dens spenninger mellom sosialdemokratiske og postsosialdemokratiske tendenser

Physical constrains and productivity in the future Arctic Ocean

Published version. Also available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00085Today's physical oceanography and primary and secondary production was investigated for the entire Arctic Ocean (AO) with the physical-biologically coupled SINMOD model. To obtain indications on the effect of climate change in the twenty-first century the magnitude of change, and where and when these may take place SINMOD was forced with down-scaled climate trajectories of the International Panel of Climate Change with the A1B climate scenario which appears to predict an average global atmospheric temperature increase of 3.5–4°C at the end of this century. It is projected that some surface water features of the physical oceanography in the AO and adjacent regions will change considerably. The largest changes will occur along the continuous domains of Pacific and in particular regarding Atlantic Water (AW) advection and the inflow shelves. Withdrawal of ice will increase primary production, but stratification will persist or, for the most, get stronger as a function of ice-melt and thermal warming along the inflow shelves. Thus, the nutrient dependent new and harvestable production will not increase proportionally with increasing photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The greatest increases in primary production are found along the Eurasian perimeter of the AO (up to 40 g C m−2 y−1) and in particular in the northern Barents and Kara Seas (40–80 g C m−2 y−1) where less ice-cover implies less Arctic Water (ArW) and thus less stratification. Along the shelf break engirdling the AO upwelling and vertical mixing supplies nutrients to the euphotic zone when ice-cover withdraws northwards. The production of Arctic copepods along the Eurasian perimeter of the AO will increase significantly by the end of this century (2–4 g C m−2 y−1). Primary and secondary production will decrease along the southern sections of the continuous advection domains of Pacific and AW due to increasing thermal stratification. In the central AO primary production will not increase much due to stratification-induced nutrient limitation

Hvordan påvirker pedagoger musikkbruk i barnehagen

Musikkbruk i barnehager er veldig variert, for noen er musikk en selvfølge, for andre faller det bort. Det er ofte den pedagogiske lederen som påvirker hvordan og hvor ofte musikk blir brukt. Jeg har derfor villet utforske hvilke forhold som påvirker den pedagogiske lederens syn på musikk, og musikkbruk i barnehagen.Kindergartens´ use of music, varies. In some kindergartens its a cultural norm, for others it´s not a priority. It is usually the educational leaders who influence how and how often music is used. I have therefore wanted to research which circumstances affect the educational leaders´ view of music and the use of music in kindergartens

Høyskolen som kunnskapens hus

Åpningsforelesning ved HiOs ”fagdag”, 6.2.2007 Universitetet skal bli stadig mer lik andre utdanningsinstitusjoner, samtidig som det er nettopp ulikheten som gjør det ettertraktet av de forskjellige institusjoner; universitetet har som samfunnsinstitusjon en synkende prestisje som stadig flere institusjoner vil ha en andel i. Hvilken strategi skal Høyskolen i Oslo (HiO) følge i dette landskapet? Mitt innlegg er et bidrag til denne diskusjonen. Jeg vil antyde noen problemstillinger som ikke lar seg løse ved tidens dominerende administrativt-byråkratiske reformlogikk. Heller ikke ved at politikerne i de sentrale utdanningspolitiske spørsmål abdiserer til fordel for koalisjonen av lokale næringsdrivende, ambisiøse rektorer og symbolpopulistiske lokalpolitikere