Past, Present and Future of the Single Market of the EU

The Single Market is one of the most important undertaking of the EU. Its establishment has officially started in 1957 with signing the Treaty of Rome which provided a suitable basis for creating the European Economic Community (EEC). The major aim of the EEC was to establish a common market based on the “four-freedom” in order to create a proper basis for a balanced, long-term sustainable economic development. Since 1957, the Single Market went through several changes. The EU member states prepared several action plans and strategies in order to continuously develop it. Irrespectively of that, the institution of the Single Market can not bee considered as a completed process. Although, it provides significant advantages both for EU companies and citizens, it always has to be improved for being able to adjust to the continuously changing global environment.European Economic Community, four freedoms, EU Single Market

Nuclear rocket shielding methods, modification, updating, and input data preparation. Volume 4 - One-dimensional, discrete ordinates transport technique Final progress report

One dimensional, discrete ordinates transport technique for use with nuclear rocket shielding methods, modification, updating, and data input preparation - Vol.

Synthesis of calculational methods for the design and analysis of radiation shields for nuclear rocket systems. Volume 7 - NAGS, a Fortran 4 data processing program for calculation of neutron and gamma ray sources and neutron and gamma ray heating in two dimensional geometries Final progress report

Neutron flux and gamma ray source edit computer program for design and analysis of radiation shields in nuclear rocket system

Target-selective GABAergic control of entorhinal cortex output.

The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is a major center for spatial navigation and memory. We found that cannabinoid type 1 receptor-expressing GABAergic basket cells selectively innervated principal cells in layer II of the rat MEC that projected outside the hippocampus but avoided neighboring cells that give rise to the perforant pathway to the dentate gyrus. These results indicate that the organization of GABAergic microcircuits reflects the long-distance axonal targets of principal neurons

Assessing Mid-Holocene Aridity in Central Ohio Using a Multi-proxy Lake Based Approach

The continental interior of North America experienced a period of prolonged warming and aridity during the Mid-Holocene. Although the general span of maximum warmth and dryness is believed to have been about 6,000 years BP during the Holocene Thermal Maximum, the regional variability, environmental response, and timing of this event are complex and not fully understood. To better understand the nature of this period for Central Ohio three paleolimnologic proxies (Carbon to Nitrogen ratios (C:N), percent organic Carbon as estimated through loss on ignition (LOI), and sub-fossil midge remains) are analyzed from a sediment core collected from Smoot Lake (Licking County, Ohio) to reconstruct the Holocene paleoenvironmental record for Central Ohio. Sub-fossil midge remains in particular are a useful paleolimnologic proxy that has not yet been utilized in the Midwest. The proxies are interpreted as indicators of effective moisture from interpreted changes in lake levels. This study found that an extended period of low lake levels existed during the early Holocene reaching maximum dryness at 8,500 years BP with levels recovering by 7,000 years BP. Another shorter period of aridity is centered around 3,500 years BP. This study demonstrates that sub-fossil midge remains are a valuable proxy for changes in lake levels. Should future climate return to the warmer levels recorded during the Mid-Holocene, effective moisture is also likely to decrease which will have ecological and societal implications for Central Ohio.OSU Carbon, Water and Climate TIENo embarg

Regulation of fast-spiking basket cell synapses by the chloride channel ClC-2.

Parvalbumin-expressing, fast-spiking basket cells are important for the generation of synchronous, rhythmic population activities in the hippocampus. We found that GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inputs from murine parvalbumin-expressing basket cells were selectively modulated by the membrane voltage- and intracellular chloride-dependent chloride channel ClC-2. Our data reveal a previously unknown cell type-specific regulation of intracellular chloride homeostasis in the perisomatic region of hippocampal pyramidal neurons

Nuclear rocket shielding methods, modification, updating, and input data preparation. Volume 2 - Compilation of neutron and photon cross section data Final progress report

Compilation of neutron and photon cross section data using computer programs developed for nuclear rocket shielding methods, modification, updating, and input data preparation - Vol.

Febrile seizures in the developing brain result in persistent modification of neuronal excitability in limbic circuits.

Febrile (fever-induced) seizures affect 3-5% of infants and young children. Despite the high incidence of febrile seizures, their contribution to the development of epilepsy later in life has remained controversial. Combining a new rat model of complex febrile seizures and patch clamp techniques, we determined that hyperthermia-induced seizures in the immature rat cause a selective presynaptic increase in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus that lasts into adulthood. The long-lasting nature of these potent alterations in synaptic communication after febrile seizures does not support the prevalent view of the 'benign' nature of early-life febrile convulsions