Inactivation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Milk Products

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection that mainly occurs in cloven-hooved animals including commercially important species such as cattle, sheep, goats, swine and (water) buffalo. The FMD virus (FMDV) can be shed by a variety of routes, including milk.1;2 FMDV can persist in milk products for some time, especially at refrigeration temperatures. This virus has been reported to survive in raw milk for 6 days at 18ºC and for 15 days at 4ºC.3 cited in 1 When the milk was pasteurized before adding FMDV, the virus was detected for 30-35 days at room temperature and 50 days at 4ºC. Terbruggen (1932) reported virus survival in milk for at least 12 hours at 37ºC, 25 hours at 17-20ºC and 12 days at 5ºC.1 In other experiments, it persisted in milk for up to 7 days at 7ºC, 5 days at 10ºC, 3 days at 15ºC or 42 hours at 20ºC.4 While FMDV in milk products seems to present a minimal risk to humans,5 products intended for human consumption (especially spoiled or outdated products) may be fed to animals. Other milk products may be manufactured for animal feed (e.g., whey used in calf milk replacer). Infected, nonpasteurized milk has been linked to FMD outbreaks;6-8 however, there are still uncertainties in the level of risk to animals fed pasteurized or processed milk products. This review summarizes information in the literature regarding the inactivation of FMDV in milk and milk products. Unless otherwise noted, all references to milk products refer to milk from cattle

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases, Appendix A: Foot-and-Mouth Disease

This Appendix is intended to provide relevant information for federal and state officials and other interested parties who will participate in making decisions related to use of vaccine as an aid to control an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the U.S. The following topics are presented and discussed: Important characteristics of FMD: Characteristics of vaccines; Strategies for vaccine use; Various factors that must be considered when designing an effective vaccination program. The USDA-APHIS has a separate document, FMD Response Plan: The Red Book, which identifies the capabilities needed to respond to an FMD outbreak in the United States as well as identifying all the critical activities involved in responding with the corresponding time-frames. Please refer to that document for those specific details

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases, Appendix C: Vaccination for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza

This Appendix is intended to provide relevant information for federal and state officials and other interested parties who will participate in making decisions related to vaccination as an aid in controlling an HPAI outbreak in the U.S. The following topics are presented and discussed: Important characteristics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI); Characteristics of vaccines; Strategies for vaccine use; Various factors that must be considered when designing an effective vaccination program. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Veterinary Services (VS) has a separate document, HPAI Response Plan: The Red Book that identifies the capabilities needed to respond to an HPAI outbreak in the United States as well as identifying all the critical activities involved in responding with the corresponding time-frames. Please refer to that document for those specific details

NAHEMS Guidelines: Vaccination for Contagious Diseases

Preparing for and responding to foreign animal diseases (FADs)—such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)—are critical actions to safeguard the nation’s animal health, food system, public health, environment, and economy. FAD PReP, or the Foreign Animal Disease Preparedness and Response Plan, prepares for such events. Studies have estimated a likely national welfare loss between $2.3–69 billion1 for an FMD outbreak in California, depending on delay in diagnosing the disease.2 The economic impact would result from lost international trade and disrupted interstate trade, as well as from costs directly associated with the eradication effort, such as depopulation, indemnity, carcass disposal, and cleaning and disinfection. In addition, there would be direct and indirect costs related to foregone production, unemployment, and losses in related businesses. The social and psychological impact on owners and growers would be severe. Zoonotic diseases, such as HPAI and Nipah/Hendra may also pose a threat to public health

Waste Heat Recovery From a Compression Ignition Engine using a Combined Diesel Particulate Filter Heat Exchanger

Compression ignition (CI) engines have been a figurehead in the transportation industry for decades. However, as environmental regulations dictate increasingly strict emissions guidelines for engines, technologies must accordingly advance. To this end, this thesis describes the work of validating a combined diesel particulate filter heat exchanger (DPFHX) for CI engine exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) in a Rankine Cycle (RC), a concept introduced in the first chapter of this thesis. The second chapter includes a comprehensive literature review, indicating the increasing prevalence of WHR in the literature. Additionally, with RC as the principal system for WHR and engine exhaust as the primary heat source, this research is exceptionally relevant. Furthermore, the primary aspects of an RC WHR system requiring individual optimization are the heat exchangers and expanders along with working fluid selection. As such, the third chapter discusses experiments to analyze and compare the DPFHX with various working fluids; thus, incorporating the literature trends of working fluid comparison and component specificity in the methodology. Consequently, in the DPFHX, water achieved a higher heat transfer rate by over 60% than the 50% by volume mixture of water and ethylene glycol, the two optimal working fluids in the apparatus without DPF cores. However, alterations made to the DPF cores’ outer diameters and lengths when installing them in the heat exchanger tubes prevented them from achieving the expected outcome (i.e., improving apparatus performance). Finally, the fourth chapter links the conclusions from this work to recommendations for future efforts to investigate DPFHXs

Brecht v. Abrahamson: Another Step Toward Evisceration of Habeas Corpus

As the amount of crime in this country increases, society is becoming more conscious of our criminal justice system. People are increasingly concerned with the outcome of criminal trials, specifically in assuring that crimes do not go unpunished. Determining guilt, ensuring that verdicts are not overruled on a technicality, and issuing punishment have taken precedence over the protection of constitutional rights. However, the Constitution is not only concerned with the outcome of criminal trials. It is just as surely concerned with individual rights and process