Die Entstehung Der Ersten ‘Christlichen Gemeinde' Roms im Kontext der Jüdischen Gemeinden

Üblicherweise spricht man von den Anfängen einer ‘christlichen Gemeinde' in Rom, wenn man von den Anfängen des Christus-glaubens in Rom sprechen will. Wir haben uns im Titel unseres Beitrages dieser Konvention angeschlossen. Wir möchten aber von vornherein darauf aufmerksam machen, daβ diese Terminologie anachronistisch ist. Es ist zwar wahr, daβ Christusgläubige schon früh von auβen als eine eigenständige Gruppe erkannt und als solche auch Opfer von Maβnahmen römischer Machtpolitik werden konnten. Unseres Erachtens geschieht das spätestens unter Nero. Doch ist die Bezeichnung ‘Christianer' (Xριστιανοί lat. Chrestiani oder Christiani) erst in Dokumenten nach 70 faβbar (Acta 11.25; Tacitus Ann. 15.44; Sueton Nero 16.2). Bemerkenswert ist, daβ in Suetons Hinweis auf das Claudiusedikt (‘Da die Juden unter ihrem Anführer Chrestos beständig Unruhe stifteten, vertrieb er sie aus Rom') die Christusgläubigen noch ethnisch und religiös ganz zu den Juden gerechnet werden. Wir kommen auf diese Stelle später zurück, möchten jetzt aber schon darauf aufmerksam machen, daβ Sueton unter Claudius jedenfalls keine ‘Christianer' in Rom erwähnt. Gewiβ stimmen wir denjenigen Gelehrten zu, die annehmen, daβ Chrestus hier gleich Christus ist, d.h. Jesus (Christus) meint. Wir können also auf Grund von Suetons Notiz annehmen, daβ es schon unter Claudius Anhänger des Christus-glaubens in Rom gab. Doch hat M. Stern recht, wenn er schreibt, ‘However, the words of Suetonius could convey the impression that Christus himself was present at Rome at that time, and that the disturbances were instigated by him personally, while Tacitus, indeed, was better informed on the whereabouts of Christus.

An identification procedure of multi-input Wiener models for the distortion analysis of nonlinear circuits

In this contribution, a system identification procedure of a two-input Wiener model suitable for the analysis of the disturbance behavior of integrated nonlinear circuits is presented. The identified block model is comprised of two linear dynamic and one static nonlinear block, which are determined using an parameterized approach. In order to characterize the linear blocks, an correlation analysis using a white noise input in combination with a model reduction scheme is adopted. After having characterized the linear blocks, from the output spectrum under single tone excitation at each input a linear set of equations will be set up, whose solution gives the coefficients of the nonlinear block. By this data based black box approach, the distortion behavior of a nonlinear circuit under the influence of an interfering signal at an arbitrary input port can be determined. Such an interfering signal can be, for example, an electromagnetic interference signal which conductively couples into the port of consideration

Symmetry-breaking transitions in networks of nonlinear circuit elements

We investigate a nonlinear circuit consisting of N tunnel diodes in series, which shows close similarities to a semiconductor superlattice or to a neural network. Each tunnel diode is modeled by a three-variable FitzHugh-Nagumo-like system. The tunnel diodes are coupled globally through a load resistor. We find complex bifurcation scenarios with symmetry-breaking transitions that generate multiple fixed points off the synchronization manifold. We show that multiply degenerate zero-eigenvalue bifurcations occur, which lead to multistable current branches, and that these bifurcations are also degenerate with a Hopf bifurcation. These predicted scenarios of multiple branches and degenerate bifurcations are also found experimentally.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, 7 movies available as ancillary file

Calvin as a biblical exegete

This section of the book "Calvin Global. How Faith influences Societies" analyzes the big trends of Calvin's exegesis of the Bible. This presentation is a ground for the rest of the book, since "the centre of Calvin’s faith and ethics is based on his profound and innovative method of very broad biblical exegesis" (Christoph Stueckelberger and Reinhold Bernhardt, Introduction, p.13)

Cross-Laminated secondary Timber: Validation of non-destructive Assessment of structural properties by full-scale bending tests

The demolition of buildings creates a vast quantity of secondary timber, which is currently chipped, downcycled or incinerated. This study examines a higher value use of secondary timber as lamellae for cross-laminated timber (CLT), which will address the increasing demand for wood products that is expected in the coming decades. The longitudinal vibration test method was used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity (dMoE) for secondary timber. Then, four-point bending tests were conducted for the secondary timber to obtain the static modulus of elasticity (sMoE) and modulus of rupture (MoR). The test results showed a good linear relationship between dMoE and sMoE, so the dMoE results could be used to predict sMoE of secondary timber. Furthermore, the static bending stiffness of cross-laminated secondary timber (CLST), sMoECL, was predicted by the dMoE from transverse vibration tests of CLST and longitudinal vibration tests of secondary timber. Four-point bending tests of CLST showed that the latter predicted sMoECL more accurately. CLST panels were also found to meet the structural requirements in relevant standards. Finally, analytical models were used to predict the bending stiffness and strength of CLST. The closest prediction came from combining the shear analogy method and bearing model for CLT. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using secondary timber as a feedstock for CLT/CLST production

Properties of pattern formation and selection processes in nonequilibrium systems with external fluctuations

We extend the phase field crystal method for nonequilibrium patterning to stochastic systems with external source where transient dynamics is essential. It was shown that at short time scales the system manifests pattern selection processes. These processes are studied by means of the structure function dynamics analysis. Nonequilibrium pattern-forming transitions are analyzed by means of numerical simulations.Comment: 15 poages, 8 figure