Conservation of chromosomal location of nucleolus organizer in American marsupials (Didelphidae)

Abstract The distribution and expression of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were analyzed in seven species of marsupials representative of the three karyotypes (2n = 14, 18 and 22) found in the American family Didelphidae. Analyses comprised silver-staining of NORs and fluorescence in situ hybridization with an rDNA probe. In addition to confirming the variability in number and distribution of NORs in Didelphidae, we demonstrated the conserved location of NORs on one autosome pair in the three karyotypes. In Monodelphis domestica (2n = 18), the NOR on the X chromosome was not inactivated in females

Ground zero: The origins of the United States's cyber war against the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007-2010)

Neste artigo realizamos um estudode caso-único do conflito desencadeado entre os Estados Unidos e a República Islâmica do Irã (2007-2010), sob a perspectiva dos retornos estratégicos auferidos em função do uso da tecnologia da informação para atingir setores de infraestrutura crítica. Nossa análise destaca as condições que permitiram aos norte-americanos ampliarem as capacidades de projeção de poder sobre o seu adversário, fatores significativos para explicar a origem e o impacto da guerra cibernética nos dias atuais. A partir da coleta de evidências que revelam o funcionamento do mecanismo das operações orquestradas por atores estatais e não estatais para conter o programa nuclear iraniano, verificamos como o ciberespaço se tornou um domínio chave para a consecução de objetivos estratégicos nacionais. Por este prisma, com base em fontes primárias e secundárias utilizamos técnicas de análise qualitativa para responder à seguinte questão: como os Estados Unidos utilizaram o ciberespaço para atingir o programa nuclear iraniano.In this article, we conduct a single case study of the conflict between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007–10), from the perspective of the strategic returns obtained through the use of information technology to achieve criticism of infrastructure sectors. Our analysis highlights the conditions that allowed the North Americans to expand their power projection capabilities over their adversary, significant factors in explaining the origin and impact of cyberwarfare today. By collecting evidence that reveals the functioning of the operational mechanism orchestrated by state and non-state actors to contain the Iranian nuclear program, we verify how cyberspace has become a key domain for achieving national strategic objectives. From this perspective, based on primary and secondary sources, we use qualitative analysis techniques to answer the following question: how did the United States use cyberspace to target the Iranian nuclear program?info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Secondary stress, intensity and fundamental frequency in Brazilian Portuguese

This paper investigates whether values of acoustical correlates of pretonic syllables adjacent to the one(s) perceived as bearing secondary stress could predict such perception in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) data. In order to pursue this goal, a comparison is made between pretonic syllables perceived as bearing secondary stress and those perceived as not bearing it. According to the results, obtained by application of statistical analyses, it is possible to claim that variation in intensity and in F0 in syllables perceived as bearing secondary stress, as well as in adjacent syllables, can be taken as a robust correlate for data perception regarding secondary stress placement in BP. Variation in intensity and in F0 in syllables perceived as bearing secondary stress and variation in intensity and in F0 in the other adjacent pretonic syllables seem to be complementary information for the perception of secondary stresses by BP speakers. The results point to relevant questions for further work concerning the rhythmic and intonational organization of Brazilian Portuguese.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

American marsupials chromosomes: Why study them?

Marsupials, one of the three main groups of mammals, are only found in Australia and in the American continent. Studies performed in Australian marsupials have demonstrated the great potential provided by the group for the understanding of basic genetic mechanisms and chromosome evolution in mammals. Genetic studies in American marsupials are relatively scarce and cytogenetic data of most species are restricted to karyotype descriptions, usually without banding patterns. Nevertheless, the first marsupial genome sequenced was that of Monodelphis domestica, a South American species. The knowledge about mammalian genome evolution and function that resulted from studies on M. domestica is in sharp contrast with the lack of genetic data on most American marsupial species. Here, we present an overview of the chromosome studies performed in marsupials with emphasis on the South American species