Unification of Gauge and Gravity Chern-Simons Theories in 3-D Space time

Chamseddine and Mukhanov showed that gravity and gauge theories could be unified in one geometric construction provided that a metricity condition is imposed on the vielbein. In this paper we are going to show that by enlarging the gauge group we are able to unify Chern-Simons gauge theory and Chern-Simons gravity in 3-D space-time. Such unification leads to the quantization of the coefficients for both Chern-Simons terms for compact groups but not for non-compact groups. Moreover, it leads to a topological invariant quantity of the 3 dimensional space-time manifold on which they are defined

Retrospective Autopsy Based Analysis of Nature and Prevalence of Fatal Injuries in Lahore

Bacckground: Autopsy is a medical examination conducted after death to ascertain the cause of death. For Clinical autopsies, the permission of the next of kin is required. In suspicious deaths, an autopsy is a legal requirement and is performed by the coroner ormedico-legal surgeon. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of records of forensic medicine from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2016, was done to observe fatal injuries causing death, their nature, and prevalence. The deaths, in which cause of death was Fatal Injury were included in our study. These cases were analyzed with respect to age, gender, cause and manner of death, number and location of injuries and the approximate time lag between injury and death. All data were entered into SPSS. Results: A total of 785 autopsies were conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore in 2016, 42.8% fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Cases of firearm injuries were maximum constituting 46.4%, followed by RTA (13.7%) and blunt trauma (11.9%). Most victims were in the age bracket of 21-40 (55.1%) with a male to female ratio of 4.09:1. Head was the predominant site involved. Conclusion: Fatal injury deaths are mostly due to firearm injuries. Victims are more commonly males and majority cases die immediately after sustaining the injury. Manner of death is predominantly homicidal. Efforts should be made to prevent and properly manage fatal injuries

Weighted Distributions: A Brief Review, Perspective and Characterizations

The weighted distributions are widely used in many fields such as medicine, ecology and reliability, to name a few, for the development of proper statistical models. Weighted distributions are milestone for efficient modeling of statistical data and prediction when the standard distributions are not appropriate. A good deal of studies related to the weight distributions have been published in the literature. In this article, a brief review of these distributions is carried out. Implications of the differing weight models for future research as well as some possible strategies are discussed. Finally, characterizations of these distributions based on a simple relationship between two truncated moments are presented

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE MARKETING AND GENDER EMPOWERMENT: A CASE OF WOMEN’S CROSS BORDER TRADE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

The study examined agricultural produce marketing in relation to gender empowerment in cross border along Nigeria-Niger border with the aim of identifying the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identifying characteristics of respondents’ cross border trade and the constraints faced by the respondents. One hundred respondents were selected with the use of systematic random technique. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of interview guide structured in form of questionnaire and focus group discussion with other stakeholders like custom officials, as well as agriculture quarantine officers was performed. Univariate analysis like percentages, tables and pie charts and 3 point Likert scale were used to achieve the stated objectives. The study revealed that the respondents averagely made between N10,000 to N40,000 on monthly basis which helped in meeting family needs. About 78% indicated that one of their constraints was absence of modern financial institutions, inadequate storage facilities and about 82% signified that their major constraint was poor transport system while all affirmed that they experienced inadequate security among others. The study recommended that adequate security, global mass media facilities and adequate storage facilities should be provided to promote cross border trade.Produce marketing, Gender empowerment, Cross border trader, northern Nigeria, Labor and Human Capital, Marketing,

Price Setting Behaviour of Pakistani Firms : Evidence from Four Industrial Cities of Punjab

Since the introduction of rational expectations in the literature, most of the research focus in the area of macroeconomics has been investigating micro foundations of macroeconomic theory and transmission channels of policy. In 1990s, macroeconomists started working on macro models incorporating the assumption of nominal rigidity with explicit modeling of optimal behaviour of individuals and firms. More recently, these models gained empirical support by looking at both aggregate as well as at firm-level data. In this regard, limited studies are available that focus on developing countries. For Pakistan, there has been little focus on micro level studies in the field of macro or monetary economics, so our study attempts to fill this gap. Besides capturing price setting behaviour, the potential effects of changes in financial cost on the overall pricing and production decisions have also been investigated. It is important to note that this study is different from others throughout carried in different countries in the sense that instead of sending questionnaires by mail, data are collected by enumerators and field supervisors. It was found that Pakistani firms perceive to be in competitive environment they operate in. Most of the clients of the firms are regular and firms relationship with the customers is long-term. The large majority of firms use current information when reviewing prices. Around 70 percent of firms use either a state-dependent pricing rule or combination of both time-dependent and state-dependent rules. Pakistani firms revise and change their prices usually in the months of June and July. Moreover, costs of raw materials, cost of energy and inflation are the main determinants of price increase while the competitors price, raw materials costs and demand changes are responsible for price decrease. When it comes to the main causes of price stickiness, implicit contract with the customers is at the top, while explicit fixed term contract of prices on the second. Further it was observed that most of the firms change their wages once in a year. About half of the firms index their workers wages with inflation and past inflation rate is usually used for the purpose. Labour productivity and changes in inflation rate are found to be the main causes of wage change.Price Setting Behaviour, Effectiveness of Monetary Policy, Wage and Price Contracts