Use of airborne lidar for boundary layer entrainment zone observations

Entrainment processes in the cloud-topped convective boundary layer are known to lead to boundary layer heating, most often drying, and changing concentrations of constituent gases and particles. However, such entrainment processes are notoriously difficult to observe and to accurately simulate. During lake effect snow events, the clouds fill the upper layers of the convective boundary layer; therefore, it might be anticipated that entrainment processes could have large impacts on lake effect formation and snowfall production overall. Using data taken during the Ontario Winter Lake Effect Systems (OWLeS) project provided by the University of Wyoming Cloud LIDAR (WCL) on 17 intensive operations periods (IOPs), we have documented spatial variations in the top of the lake-effect clouds, indicative of the boundary layer top, over Lake Ontario and surrounding land areas. The WCL cannot penetrate thick lake effect clouds, resulting in a thin layer of high backscatter with markedly lower backscatter values below. The backscatter variability is used to determine how cloud tops vary spatially along the flight leg, which gives an idea of the depth of the entrainment zone. 264 one-minute observations of the boundary layer top observations were identified when the UWKA flew mostly horizontal above the lake-effect cloud top. For each, average boundary layer top height and its variability have been calculated, with the intent of relating these factors to environmental conditions within and above the entrainment zone. Results indicate that the boundary layer top behaves much like is expected for convective boundary layers (CBL). Surprisingly, the lake effect cloud tops only penetrate the base of the entrainment zone.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2023-12-04 without embargo termsThe student, Sophia Sagrestano, accepted the attached license on 2023-07-17 at 14:28.The student, Sophia Sagrestano, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2023-07-17 at 14:43.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2023-07-19 at 16:00.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #19715 on 2023-12-04 at 17:02:4

Girls' disruptive behavior and its relationship to family functioning: A review

Although a number of reviews of gender differences in disruptive behavior and parental socialization exist, we extend this literature by addressing the question of differential development among girls and by placing both disruptive behavior and parenting behavior in a developmental framework. Clarifying the heterogeneity of development in girls is important for developing and optimizing gender-specific prevention and treatment programs. In the current review, we describe the unique aspects of the development of disruptive behavior in girls and explore how the gender-specific development of disruptive behavior can be explained by family linked risk and protective processes. Based on this review, we formulate a gender-specific reciprocal model of the influence of social factors on the development of disruptive behavior in girls in order to steer further research and better inform prevention and treatment programs

The sensitivity and specificity of four questions (HARK) to identify intimate partner violence: a diagnostic accuracy study in general practice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) including physical, sexual and emotional violence, causes short and long term ill-health. Brief questions that reliably identify women experiencing IPV who present in clinical settings are a pre-requisite for an appropriate response from health services to this substantial public health problem. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of four questions (HARK) developed from the Abuse Assessment screen, compared to a 30-item abuse questionnaire, the Composite Abuse Scale (CAS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We administered the four HARK questions and the CAS to women approached by two researchers in general practice waiting rooms in Newham, east London. Inclusions: women aged more than 17 years waiting to see a doctor or nurse, who had been in an intimate relationship in the last year. Exclusions: women who were accompanied by children over four years of age or another adult, too unwell to complete the questionnaires, unable to understand English or unable to give informed consent.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Two hundred and thirty two women were recruited. The response rate was 54%. The prevalence of current intimate partner violence, within the last 12 months, using the CAS cut off score of ≥3, was 23% (95% C.I. 17% to 28%) with pre-test odds of 0.3 (95% C.I. 0.2 to 0.4). The receiver operator characteristic curve demonstrated that a HARK cut off score of ≥1 maximises the true positives whilst minimising the false positives. The sensitivity of the optimal HARK cut-off score of ≥1 was 81% (95% C.I. 69% to 90%), specificity 95% (95% C.I. 91% to 98%), positive predictive value 83% (95% C.I. 70% to 91%), negative predictive value 94% (95% C.I. 90% to 97%), likelihood ratio 16 (95% C.I. 8 to 31) and post-test odds 5.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The four HARK questions accurately identify women experiencing IPV in the past year and may help women disclose abuse in general practice. The HARK questions could be incorporated into the electronic medical record in primary care to prompt clinicians to ask about recent partner violence and to encourage disclosure by patients. Future research should test the effectiveness of HARK in clinical consultations.</p

He votes or she votes? Female and male discursive strategies in Twitter political hashtags

In this paper, we conduct a study about differences between female and male discursive strategies when posting in the microblogging service Twitter, with a particular focus on the hashtag designation process during political debate. The fact that men and women use language in distinct ways, reverberating practices linked to their expected roles in the social groups, is a linguistic phenomenon known to happen in several cultures and that can now be studied on the Web and on online social networks in a large scale enabled by computing power. Here, for instance, after analyzing tweets with political content posted during Brazilian presidential campaign, we found out that male Twitter users, when expressing their attitude toward a given candidate, are more prone to use imperative verbal forms in hashtags, while female users tend to employ declarative forms. This difference can be interpreted as a sign of distinct approaches in relation to other network members: for example, if political hashtags are seen as strategies of persuasion in Twitter, imperative tags could be understood as more overt ways of persuading and declarative tags as more indirect ones. Our findings help to understand human gendered behavior in social networks and contribute to research on the new fields of computer-enabled Internet linguistics and social computing, besides being useful for several computational tasks such as developing tag recommendation systems based on users' collective preferences and tailoring targeted advertising strategies, among others.FGW – Publications without University Leiden contrac

Vjetroelektrane u Hrvatskoj i EU : trenutno stanje i nadolazeći trendovi s posebnim osvrtom na tržište električne energije

Tijekom posljednjih godina obnovljivi izvori energije dominiraju u godišnje instaliranoj snazi proizvodnih jedinica električne energije u Europskoj uniji. Među obnovljivim izvorima najveći udio u godišnje instaliranoj snazi tijekom posljednje dvije godine imale su vjetroelektrane, čija je instalirana snaga dosegnula 141 GW na kraju 2015. godine. Hrvatska kao članica Europske unije prati trendove po pitanju instalirane snage obnovljivih izvora, među kojima dominantan udio imaju vjetroelektrane. Značajna integracija vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetske sustave donijela je nove izazove: tehničke, ekonomske i regulatorne prirode. Proizvodnja vjetroelektrana je varijabilna, budući da je određena vremenskim uvjetima te teško predvidljiva i kao takva uvjetuje probleme prilikom vođenja i planiranja rada elektroenergetskog sustava, ali i troškove zbog angažmana energije uravnoteženja. Različiti sustavi poticanja mogu utjecati na usklađenost proizvodnje vjetroelektrana s potrebama elektroenergetskog sustava. Koristeći komparativnu analizu došlo se do zaključka da tržišno orijentirani sustavi poticanja imaju pozitivan učinak na daljnju integraciju vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav, budući da je u takvim sustavima poticanja proizvodnja vjetroelektrana određena potražnjom, te podrazumijevaju odgovornost za odstupanje. Za analizu konkurentnosti vjetroelektrana na tržištu električne energije te razinu potrebnog poticaja korištena je LCOE metoda te je utvrđen značajan financijski jaz između proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana te cijena na tržištu električne energije u regiji. Pozicioniranje vjetroelektrana na tržište dovodi do zavisnog odnosa između proizvodne cijene električne energije vjetroelektrana i troškova opreme, operativnih troškova i troškova kapitala. Navedena međuovisnost utječe na smanjenje troškova. Izračunom nivelirane proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana uz pretpostavku smanjenja investicijskog troška u budućem razdoblju te predviđenog rasta cijena na veleprodajnom organiziranom tržištu u regiji dolazi se do zaključka da se smanjuje financijski jaz, a shodno tome je manja potreba za poticanjem. Kako bi vjetroelektrane bilo moguće izložiti tržišnim principima potrebno je funkcionalno, likvidno tržište električne energije. Hrvatsku u narednim godinama očekuje razvoj tržišta sukladno EU ciljanom modelu integracije tržišta. S obzirom da takav model podrazumijeva regionalno povezivanje tržišta dan unaprijed, unutardnevnih i tržišta uravnoteženja te proračun kapaciteta temeljen na tokovima snaga utvrđeno je da će razvoj tržišta doprinijeti daljnjoj integraciji vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav.In last couple of years renewable energy sources are leading in total annual installations of new electric energy power plants in European Union. In last two years, among renewable energy sources, biggest share of annual power installation have had wind power plants, with total installed power of 141 GW at the end of 2015. Republic of Croatia as a member of European Union is following trends of renewable energy power plants installations, and it also has the biggest share of wind power plants. Significant integration of wind power plants in energy power systems had brought new challenges in technical, economic and regulatory domains. Production of wind power plants is variable, because it is defined by weather conditions which are hardly predictable. This cause problems in managing and planning power system, and also brings higher costs while balancing energy is being used. Different support schemes can effect on harmonization of production with demand. Using comparative analyze, in this thesis is concluded that market based support scheme have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in power system, because the production is conditioned by demand and support scheme implies balancing responsibility. Using levelized cost of energy method, it is proven that there is a big financial gap between production cost and market price on electric energy market in region. Because of that fact, there is a need for subsidies. Moreover, it is important to integrate wind power plants into the market because it brings dependent relations between production cost of electricity from wind power plants and equipment cost, operational costs and capital costs. This kind of interdependence is causing the drop of the production cost. By the calculation of levelized cost of energy, with assumptions of lover investment cost and higher market prices on regional electricity market, it is concluded that the implementation of market based system will reduce financial gap. However, it is important that electricity market is functional and liquid for putting wind power plants into the market. Electricity market in Croatia in next couple of years will be developed accordingly EU target model. The fact that this model implies integration of day ahead, intraday and balancing market, combined with flow based capacity calculation leads to conclusion that it will have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in Croatian power system

Vjetroelektrane u Hrvatskoj i EU : trenutno stanje i nadolazeći trendovi s posebnim osvrtom na tržište električne energije

Tijekom posljednjih godina obnovljivi izvori energije dominiraju u godišnje instaliranoj snazi proizvodnih jedinica električne energije u Europskoj uniji. Među obnovljivim izvorima najveći udio u godišnje instaliranoj snazi tijekom posljednje dvije godine imale su vjetroelektrane, čija je instalirana snaga dosegnula 141 GW na kraju 2015. godine. Hrvatska kao članica Europske unije prati trendove po pitanju instalirane snage obnovljivih izvora, među kojima dominantan udio imaju vjetroelektrane. Značajna integracija vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetske sustave donijela je nove izazove: tehničke, ekonomske i regulatorne prirode. Proizvodnja vjetroelektrana je varijabilna, budući da je određena vremenskim uvjetima te teško predvidljiva i kao takva uvjetuje probleme prilikom vođenja i planiranja rada elektroenergetskog sustava, ali i troškove zbog angažmana energije uravnoteženja. Različiti sustavi poticanja mogu utjecati na usklađenost proizvodnje vjetroelektrana s potrebama elektroenergetskog sustava. Koristeći komparativnu analizu došlo se do zaključka da tržišno orijentirani sustavi poticanja imaju pozitivan učinak na daljnju integraciju vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav, budući da je u takvim sustavima poticanja proizvodnja vjetroelektrana određena potražnjom, te podrazumijevaju odgovornost za odstupanje. Za analizu konkurentnosti vjetroelektrana na tržištu električne energije te razinu potrebnog poticaja korištena je LCOE metoda te je utvrđen značajan financijski jaz između proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana te cijena na tržištu električne energije u regiji. Pozicioniranje vjetroelektrana na tržište dovodi do zavisnog odnosa između proizvodne cijene električne energije vjetroelektrana i troškova opreme, operativnih troškova i troškova kapitala. Navedena međuovisnost utječe na smanjenje troškova. Izračunom nivelirane proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana uz pretpostavku smanjenja investicijskog troška u budućem razdoblju te predviđenog rasta cijena na veleprodajnom organiziranom tržištu u regiji dolazi se do zaključka da se smanjuje financijski jaz, a shodno tome je manja potreba za poticanjem. Kako bi vjetroelektrane bilo moguće izložiti tržišnim principima potrebno je funkcionalno, likvidno tržište električne energije. Hrvatsku u narednim godinama očekuje razvoj tržišta sukladno EU ciljanom modelu integracije tržišta. S obzirom da takav model podrazumijeva regionalno povezivanje tržišta dan unaprijed, unutardnevnih i tržišta uravnoteženja te proračun kapaciteta temeljen na tokovima snaga utvrđeno je da će razvoj tržišta doprinijeti daljnjoj integraciji vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav.In last couple of years renewable energy sources are leading in total annual installations of new electric energy power plants in European Union. In last two years, among renewable energy sources, biggest share of annual power installation have had wind power plants, with total installed power of 141 GW at the end of 2015. Republic of Croatia as a member of European Union is following trends of renewable energy power plants installations, and it also has the biggest share of wind power plants. Significant integration of wind power plants in energy power systems had brought new challenges in technical, economic and regulatory domains. Production of wind power plants is variable, because it is defined by weather conditions which are hardly predictable. This cause problems in managing and planning power system, and also brings higher costs while balancing energy is being used. Different support schemes can effect on harmonization of production with demand. Using comparative analyze, in this thesis is concluded that market based support scheme have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in power system, because the production is conditioned by demand and support scheme implies balancing responsibility. Using levelized cost of energy method, it is proven that there is a big financial gap between production cost and market price on electric energy market in region. Because of that fact, there is a need for subsidies. Moreover, it is important to integrate wind power plants into the market because it brings dependent relations between production cost of electricity from wind power plants and equipment cost, operational costs and capital costs. This kind of interdependence is causing the drop of the production cost. By the calculation of levelized cost of energy, with assumptions of lover investment cost and higher market prices on regional electricity market, it is concluded that the implementation of market based system will reduce financial gap. However, it is important that electricity market is functional and liquid for putting wind power plants into the market. Electricity market in Croatia in next couple of years will be developed accordingly EU target model. The fact that this model implies integration of day ahead, intraday and balancing market, combined with flow based capacity calculation leads to conclusion that it will have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in Croatian power system

Vjetroelektrane u Hrvatskoj i EU : trenutno stanje i nadolazeći trendovi s posebnim osvrtom na tržište električne energije

Tijekom posljednjih godina obnovljivi izvori energije dominiraju u godišnje instaliranoj snazi proizvodnih jedinica električne energije u Europskoj uniji. Među obnovljivim izvorima najveći udio u godišnje instaliranoj snazi tijekom posljednje dvije godine imale su vjetroelektrane, čija je instalirana snaga dosegnula 141 GW na kraju 2015. godine. Hrvatska kao članica Europske unije prati trendove po pitanju instalirane snage obnovljivih izvora, među kojima dominantan udio imaju vjetroelektrane. Značajna integracija vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetske sustave donijela je nove izazove: tehničke, ekonomske i regulatorne prirode. Proizvodnja vjetroelektrana je varijabilna, budući da je određena vremenskim uvjetima te teško predvidljiva i kao takva uvjetuje probleme prilikom vođenja i planiranja rada elektroenergetskog sustava, ali i troškove zbog angažmana energije uravnoteženja. Različiti sustavi poticanja mogu utjecati na usklađenost proizvodnje vjetroelektrana s potrebama elektroenergetskog sustava. Koristeći komparativnu analizu došlo se do zaključka da tržišno orijentirani sustavi poticanja imaju pozitivan učinak na daljnju integraciju vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav, budući da je u takvim sustavima poticanja proizvodnja vjetroelektrana određena potražnjom, te podrazumijevaju odgovornost za odstupanje. Za analizu konkurentnosti vjetroelektrana na tržištu električne energije te razinu potrebnog poticaja korištena je LCOE metoda te je utvrđen značajan financijski jaz između proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana te cijena na tržištu električne energije u regiji. Pozicioniranje vjetroelektrana na tržište dovodi do zavisnog odnosa između proizvodne cijene električne energije vjetroelektrana i troškova opreme, operativnih troškova i troškova kapitala. Navedena međuovisnost utječe na smanjenje troškova. Izračunom nivelirane proizvodne cijene vjetroelektrana uz pretpostavku smanjenja investicijskog troška u budućem razdoblju te predviđenog rasta cijena na veleprodajnom organiziranom tržištu u regiji dolazi se do zaključka da se smanjuje financijski jaz, a shodno tome je manja potreba za poticanjem. Kako bi vjetroelektrane bilo moguće izložiti tržišnim principima potrebno je funkcionalno, likvidno tržište električne energije. Hrvatsku u narednim godinama očekuje razvoj tržišta sukladno EU ciljanom modelu integracije tržišta. S obzirom da takav model podrazumijeva regionalno povezivanje tržišta dan unaprijed, unutardnevnih i tržišta uravnoteženja te proračun kapaciteta temeljen na tokovima snaga utvrđeno je da će razvoj tržišta doprinijeti daljnjoj integraciji vjetroelektrana u elektroenergetski sustav.In last couple of years renewable energy sources are leading in total annual installations of new electric energy power plants in European Union. In last two years, among renewable energy sources, biggest share of annual power installation have had wind power plants, with total installed power of 141 GW at the end of 2015. Republic of Croatia as a member of European Union is following trends of renewable energy power plants installations, and it also has the biggest share of wind power plants. Significant integration of wind power plants in energy power systems had brought new challenges in technical, economic and regulatory domains. Production of wind power plants is variable, because it is defined by weather conditions which are hardly predictable. This cause problems in managing and planning power system, and also brings higher costs while balancing energy is being used. Different support schemes can effect on harmonization of production with demand. Using comparative analyze, in this thesis is concluded that market based support scheme have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in power system, because the production is conditioned by demand and support scheme implies balancing responsibility. Using levelized cost of energy method, it is proven that there is a big financial gap between production cost and market price on electric energy market in region. Because of that fact, there is a need for subsidies. Moreover, it is important to integrate wind power plants into the market because it brings dependent relations between production cost of electricity from wind power plants and equipment cost, operational costs and capital costs. This kind of interdependence is causing the drop of the production cost. By the calculation of levelized cost of energy, with assumptions of lover investment cost and higher market prices on regional electricity market, it is concluded that the implementation of market based system will reduce financial gap. However, it is important that electricity market is functional and liquid for putting wind power plants into the market. Electricity market in Croatia in next couple of years will be developed accordingly EU target model. The fact that this model implies integration of day ahead, intraday and balancing market, combined with flow based capacity calculation leads to conclusion that it will have positive effect on further integration of wind power plants in Croatian power system