COMPATABILITY BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICEIN EGYPT

The impact of education on countries urbanism is clear as much as culture, economy, and politics are. In Egypt, although urban education is usually appended by architectural education; the current educational methods, and content in architecture schools do not grant the needed convergence between educational institutions and the needs of professional practice regulations. This paper focuses on curricula of architectural education for under graduate engineering programs in Egypt. It analyzes various programs of architecture in higher education referring to the practice regulations. As well as investigating if they are reflected clearly on the architecture education or not. Case studies will include four main Egyptian undergraduate architectural engineering programs. The study uses the qualitative approach in which descriptive analysis of different disciplines ratios, and study hours taught to students during undergraduate phase is done. As the qualitative approach in the exposure to the rules and regulations presenting Egyptian professional practice. Two comparisons are held during the discussion, one between different educational programs systems in Egypt, and another one about fulfilling the role of architect authorized by law, and regulations. Finally, the research ends with a number of conclusions concerning the analytical study, and recommendations on connecting three main pillars, including the architecture education, the laws and regulations, and the professional practice requirements

Simultaneous determination of paracetamol, caffeine and codeine in tablets and human plasma by micellar liquid chromatography

A simple, rapid, sensitive and eco-friendly liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and codeine (COD). The separation was performed on cyano column using a micellar mobile phase consists of 140 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 25 mM phosphate buffer and 10% acetonitrile at pH = 3. The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a column temperature of 30 °C under direct UV detection at 210 nm. Total analysis time was below 6 min. Baclofen (BCF) was used as an internal standard. The validation was performed according to the ICH guidelines. The proposed method was linear over the ranges of 0.2-100.0, 0.02-12.0 and 0.2-12.0 µg/mL for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.031, 0.007 and 0.054 µg/mL and limits of quantification 0.103, 0.02 and 0.164 µg/mL for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively. The results show that the procedure is suitable for the routine analysis of drugs in tablet dosage forms. The method was further extended to the determination of the studied drugs in spiked human plasma with mean percentage recoveries of 99.61±0.530, 99.28±0.523 and 99.52±0.385 for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively

Assessing molecular and agronomic diversity in flax genotypes based on SCoT marker profiling, fibre yield contributing characters, and seed yield-related traits

Exploring genetic diversity is crucial for effective breeding strategies to enhance crop performance under diverse environmental conditions and accelerate selection with improved yield and adaptability to climate change. This study aimed to explore the genetic diversity of eleven flax genotypes (Linum usitatissimum L.) using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers and evaluate their performance in fibre yield contributing characters and seed yield-related traits in two field trials during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons. SCoT markers revealed varying degrees of polymorphism, with primers SCoT-1, SCoT-24, and SCoT-27 displaying 100% polymorphism, indicating high genetic diversity among the genotypes. Genetic similarity analysis categorized the genotypes into four diverse groups. The agronomic performance indicated that ‘S.620’, ‘Sakha 3’, and ‘S.651’ excelled in straw yield and associated traits such as technical length, plant height, fibre percentage, total fibre yield, fibre length, and straw yield, while ‘Sakha 5’ and ‘S.945’ showed the lowest. On the other hand, ‘Sakha 5’ followed by ‘S.933/15/2’ and ‘Sakha 6' were the top performers for seed yield and related characteristics, including fruiting zone length, number of capsules per plant, seed index, seed yield, oil percentage, and seed and oil yields, while ‘IV2’ exhibited the lowest values. Hierarchical clustering divided the genotypes into distinct clusters based on straw and seed performance. Moreover, the principal component analysis highlighted a clear separation between genotypes excelling in straw and seed traits, with strong associations among related characters. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding programs to improve flax fibre and seed production

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Rapid simultaneous determination of indacaterol maleate and glycopyrronium bromide in inhaler capsules using a validated stability-indicating monolithic LC method

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A combination of indacaterol maleate with glycopyrronium bromide has recently been approved as a once-daily maintenance therapy in patients with COPD. The very low dose (μg level/capsule) renders the analysis of such products challenges. This study reports for the first time about HPLC method for the quality control of such combination and it is a stability indicating at the same time. Results A rapid, simple, precise and reproducible HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of indacaterol maleate and glycopyrronium bromide using tenoxicam as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an onyx monolithic C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) (30:70, v/v), run at a flow rate of 2 mL/min with UV detection at 210 nm. The total analysis time was less than 3 min. The HPLC method was validated for linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precision, accuracy, system suitability and robustness. Calibration curves were obtained in the concentration ranges of 1–44 µg/mL for indacaterol maleate and 0.5–20 µg/mL for glycopyrronium bromide. Stability tests were done through exposure of the analyte solution for different stress conditions and the results indicate no interference of degradants with HPLC method. Conclusions The method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of indacaterol maleate and glycopyrronium bromide both individually and in a combined pharmaceutical inhaler capsules to support the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy of the two drugs. The simple procedure involved in sample preparation and the short run-time added the important property of high throughput to the method. Graphical abstract Chemical structures and representative HPLC chromatogram of indacaterol maleate (IND; 22 μg/mL), glycopyrronium bromide (GLY; 10 μg/mL) and tenoxicam (IS, 15μg/mL) in commercial capsules

Determination of the Monoclonal Antibody Tocilizumab by a Validated Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Method

AbstractTocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancers. Tocilizumab improves clinical outcomes and reduce mortality rates in patients with COVID-19 disease. A novel, simple and reliable method was developed to determine tocilizumab using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Separation of tocilizumab and the internal standard, methotrexate, was achieved with a background electrolyte consisting of phosphoric acid buffer and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with UV detection at 195 nm. The method was linear in the concentration range from 10 to 250 µg/mL with correlation coefficient greater than 0.995. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of human and rat plasma samples with good recoveries. Sample preparation involved protein precipitation followed by dilution of the supernatant. The intra‐ and inter-day precisions were less than 5%, the accuracy varied from − 2.71 to 3.84%. The proposed method has acceptable analytical performance and could be applied in future clinical and pharmacokinetic studies including anticancer therapy.</jats:p