Research for Fire Prevention Management in Indonesia (Smoke, Haze, GHG Emission Reduction, and Deforestation)

Forest and land fires, not only in Indonesia but also in other parts of the world, have actually caused tremendous negative impacts. It causes negative impact to the environments (smoke, haze), social, education, health, flora and fauna, state life, and so on that are sourced from most human activities, which have an impact on global climate change. The negative impacts of forest and land fires must be controlled through serious and systematic control of forest and land fires and supported by the political will of the government. It should be understood that forest and land fire control activities should be based on the field facts derived from research results and not based on fictitious results or temporary estimates. Research efforts can also be expected through regional and international cooperation. Keywords: Forest, fires, research, climate change, collaborationKebakaran hutan dan lahan, tidak hanya di Indonesia tetapi juga di belahan dunia lain, sebenarnya telah menimbulkan dampak negatif yang luar biasa. Menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan (asap, kabut), sosial, pendidikan, kesehatan, flora dan fauna, kehidupan bernegara, dan sebagainya yang bersumber dari sebagian besar aktivitas manusia, yang berdampak pada perubahan iklim global. Dampak negatif kebakaran hutan dan lahan harus dikendalikan melalui pengendalian kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang serius dan sistematis serta didukung oleh kemauan politik pemerintah. Perlu dipahami bahwa kegiatan pengendalian kebakaran hutan dan lahan harus didasarkan pada fakta lapangan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dan bukan berdasarkan hasil fiktif atau perkiraan sementara. Upaya penelitian juga dapat diharapkan melalui kerjasama regional dan internasional. Kata kunci: Hutan, kebakaran, penelitian, perubahan iklim, kolaborasi &nbsp

Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Nino

Abstract. Peat fires in Southeast Asia have become a major annual source of trace gases and particles to the regional–global atmosphere. The assessment of their influence on atmospheric chemistry, climate, air quality, and health has been uncertain partly due to a lack of field measurements of the smoke characteristics. During the strong 2015 El Niño event we deployed a mobile smoke sampling team in the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan on the island of Borneo and made the first, or rare, field measurements of trace gases, aerosol optical properties, and aerosol mass emissions for authentic peat fires burning at various depths in different peat types. This paper reports the trace gas and aerosol measurements obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, whole air sampling, photoacoustic extinctiometers (405 and 870 nm), and a small subset of the data from analyses of particulate filters. The trace gas measurements provide emission factors (EFs; grams of a compound per kilogram biomass burned) for up to  ∼  90 gases, including CO2, CO, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons up to C10, 15 oxygenated organic compounds, NH3, HCN, NOx, OCS, HCl, etc. The modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of the smoke sources ranged from 0.693 to 0.835 with an average of 0.772 ± 0.053 (n  =  35), indicating essentially pure smoldering combustion, and the emissions were not initially strongly lofted. The major trace gas emissions by mass (EF as g kg−1) were carbon dioxide (1564 ± 77), carbon monoxide (291 ± 49), methane (9.51 ± 4.74), hydrogen cyanide (5.75 ± 1.60), acetic acid (3.89 ± 1.65), ammonia (2.86 ± 1.00), methanol (2.14 ± 1.22), ethane (1.52 ± 0.66), dihydrogen (1.22 ± 1.01), propylene (1.07 ± 0.53), propane (0.989 ± 0.644), ethylene (0.961 ± 0.528), benzene (0.954 ± 0.394), formaldehyde (0.867 ± 0.479), hydroxyacetone (0.860 ± 0.433), furan (0.772 ± 0.035), acetaldehyde (0.697 ± 0.460), and acetone (0.691 ± 0.356). These field data support significant revision of the EFs for CO2 (−8 %), CH4 (−55 %), NH3 (−86 %), CO (+39 %), and other gases compared with widely used recommendations for tropical peat fires based on a lab study of a single sample published in 2003. BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) are important air toxics and aerosol precursors and were emitted in total at 1.5 ± 0.6 g kg−1. Formaldehyde is probably the air toxic gas most likely to cause local exposures that exceed recommended levels. The field results from Kalimantan were in reasonable agreement with recent lab measurements of smoldering Kalimantan peat for “overlap species,” lending importance to the lab finding that burning peat produces large emissions of acetamide, acrolein, methylglyoxal, etc., which were not measurable in the field with the deployed equipment and implying value in continued similar efforts. The aerosol optical data measured include EFs for the scattering and absorption coefficients (EF Bscat and EF Babs, m2 kg−1 fuel burned) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) at 870 and 405 nm, as well as the absorption Ångström exponents (AAE). By coupling the absorption and co-located trace gas and filter data we estimated black carbon (BC) EFs (g kg−1) and the mass absorption coefficient (MAC, m2 g−1) for the bulk organic carbon (OC) due to brown carbon (BrC). Consistent with the minimal flaming, the emissions of BC were negligible (0.0055 ± 0.0016 g kg−1). Aerosol absorption at 405 nm was  ∼  52 times larger than at 870 nm and BrC contributed  ∼  96 % of the absorption at 405 nm. Average AAE was 4.97 ± 0.65 (range, 4.29–6.23). The average SSA at 405 nm (0.974 ± 0.016) was marginally lower than the average SSA at 870 nm (0.998 ± 0.001). These data facilitate modeling climate-relevant aerosol optical properties across much of the UV/visible spectrum and the high AAE and lower SSA at 405 nm demonstrate the dominance of absorption by the organic aerosol. Comparing the Babs at 405 nm to the simultaneously measured OC mass on filters suggests a low MAC ( ∼  0.1) for the bulk OC, as expected for the low BC/OC ratio in the aerosol. The importance of pyrolysis (at lower MCE), as opposed to glowing (at higher MCE), in producing BrC is seen in the increase of AAE with lower MCE (r2 =  0.65)

Research of Indonesian GHG Emission Assessment from Forest and Land Fires

Previous research has confirmed that efforts to control forest and land fires in Indonesia are not optimal so that fires still occur at a high escalation rate. This happens because very few research results are used to solve the problem of forest and land fires, so that useful information becomes useless. Research activities continue, which do not cover only technical issues of controlling forest and land fires but also the negative implications as a result, namely the production of GHG emissions, especially on peat land because it is one of the main sources of significant GHG emissions. What is also not important is the procedure for calculating GHG emissions, which based on this research actually results in overestimation of emissions from what should be produced. Of course, this needs to be straightened out so that Indonesia is not harmed just because it follows an inappropriate calculation. Keywords: Greenhouse gases, forest and land fires, research, peat, fire controlPenelitian sebelumnya telah mengkonfirmasi bahwa upaya pengendalian kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia belum optimal sehingga kebakaran masih terjadi dengan tingkat eskalasi yang tinggi. Hal ini terjadi karena sangat sedikitnya hasil penelitian yang digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah kebakaran hutan dan lahan, sehingga informasi yang bermanfaat menjadi tidak berguna. Kegiatan penelitian terus berlanjut, yang tidak hanya mencakup masalah teknis pengendalian kebakaran hutan dan lahan tetapi juga implikasi negatif yang ditimbulkannya, yaitu produksi emisi GRK khususnya di lahan gambut karena merupakan salah satu sumber utama emisi GRK yang signifikan. Yang juga tidak kalah pentingnya adalah prosedur penghitungan emisi GRK, yang berdasarkan penelitian ini justru menghasilkan estimasi emisi yang terlalu tinggi dari yang seharusnya dihasilkan. Tentu hal ini perlu diluruskan agar Indonesia tidak dirugikan hanya karena mengikuti perhitungan yang tidak tepat.Kata kunci: Gas rumah kaca, kebakaran hutan dan lahan, penelitian, gambut, pengendalian kebakara

Regional fire management resource center southeast Asia and their role for fire prevention management in the region

Landscape fires and excessive use of fire in land use and land-use change have become one of the most important issues in Southeast Asia for about 25 years. The impacts of fires result not only in environmental destruction with adverse effects on health and security, the transport sector and the overall socio-economic conditions, but also affect the relations between neighbouring countries, as transboundary haze pollution pose negative impacts on the neighbor countries. Fire and smoke episodes occur every year but fluctuating. During the last three years burning activities have slowed down in Indonesia, while in the others parts of the region sometimes the situation is worsening. This is why it was proposed to create an institution that would take the lead in solving the problem at regional level. In 2017 the Regional Fire Management Resource Center - Southeast Asia (RFMRC-SEA) was established at the Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia), with the assistance of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) (Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and University of Freiburg). The aim of the Center, which is an independent academic entity, is to contribute to informed political decision making and the development of relevant policies for Indonesia and the neighboring countries of the Maritime Continent. The structure of a Regional Center of Competence for Fire Management is a measure of the decentralization of the work of the GFMC and is the fourth Regional Center in line (after the establishment of the first three Centers in Southeast Europe/Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Central Asia). Since 2017 many activities have been conducted by the Center, i.e., monitoring of wildfires and land-use fires in the region, monitoring particle emissions in critical situations, collecting and evaluating imagery of burned areas at different land use, sharing the information to the government agencies and others communities (CSO), conducting training for fire investigators using satellite and for law enforcement personnel, and communication with the directly and indirectly using social mediaLandscape fires and excessive use of fire in land use and land-use change have become one of the most important issues in Southeast Asia for about 25 years. The impacts of fires result not only in environmental destruction with adverse effects on health and security, the transport sector and the overall socio-economic conditions, but also affect the relations between neighbouring countries, as transboundary haze pollution pose negative impacts on the neighbor countries. Fire and smoke episodes occur every year but fluctuating. During the last three years burning activities have slowed down in Indonesia, while in the others parts of the region sometimes the situation is worsening. This is why it was proposed to create an institution that would take the lead in solving the problem at regional level. In 2017 the Regional Fire Management Resource Center - Southeast Asia (RFMRC-SEA) was established at the Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia), with the assistance of the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) (Max Planck Institute for Chemistry and University of Freiburg). The aim of the Center, which is an independent academic entity, is to contribute to informed political decision making and the development of relevant policies for Indonesia and the neighboring countries of the Maritime Continent. The structure of a Regional Center of Competence for Fire Management is a measure of the decentralization of the work of the GFMC and is the fourth Regional Center in line (after the establishment of the first three Centers in Southeast Europe/Caucasus, Eastern Europe and Central Asia). Since 2017 many activities have been conducted by the Center, i.e., monitoring of wildfires and land-use fires in the region, monitoring particle emissions in critical situations, collecting and evaluating imagery of burned areas at different land use, sharing the information to the government agencies and others communities (CSO), conducting training for fire investigators using satellite and for law enforcement personnel, and communication with the directly and indirectly using social medi

Peran Masyarakat dalam Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan di KPH Cepu, Jawa Tengah

Kebakaran Hutan merupakan salah satu bentuk kerusakan hutan. Penyebab terjadinya kebakaran hutan biasanya karena adanya pembukaan areal hutan yang digunakan untuk lahan pertanian. Faktor terjadinya kebakaran hutan ada dua yaitu, faktor alami dan manusia. Faktor alami disebabkan karena letusan gunung berapi dan petir. Kemudian faktor manusia dikarenakan adanya pembukaan kawasan hutan untuk areal pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji upaya dan peran mayarakat dalam pengendalian kebakaran hutan di KPH Cepu Jawa Tengah. Kebakaran hutan tertinggi terjadi pada tahun 2015 dengan frekuensi 40 kali serta luas total lahan yang terbakar 123.0 Ha. Kebakaran hutan pada tahun 2015 merupakan kejadian kebakaran hutan terbesar di KPH Cepu yang menyebabkan kerugian sebesar Rp38.292.909. Bentuk pengendalian yang dilakukan oleh pihak KPH Cepu yaitu dengan melakukan penyuluhan atau sosialisasi terkait kebakaran dan cara penanggulangan apabila terjadi kebakaran. Penyuluhan secara langsung diberikan kepada masyarakat melalui perkumpulan LMDH, perkumpulan RT, dan perkumpulan lainnya yang tidak ditentukan waktunya. Partisipasi masyarakat sangat tinggi dalam kegiatan pencegahan maupun pemadaman di KPH Cepu Jawa Tengah. Kata kunci : Faktor, KPH Cepu, partisipasi, pengendalian kebakaran hutanForest Fire is one form of forest destruction. The cause of forest fires is usually due to the clearing of forest areas used for agricultural land. There are 2 factors for forest fires namely natural and human factors. Natural factors are caused by volcanic and lightning eruptions, then human factors due to the clearing of forest areas for agricultural areas. This study aims to examine the efforts and role of the community in controlling forest fires at KPH Cepu, Central Java. The highest incidence of forest fires occurred in 2015 with a frequency of 40 times with a total area of land that burned 140.0 Ha. Forest fires in 2015 were the largest forest fires in the Cepu KPH, costing Rp38.292.909. The form of control carried out by the KPH Cepu itself is through counseling or socialization related to fire and how to deal with it in the event of a fire. The form of direct counseling is given to the LMDH community association, RT association, and other unspecified associations. Community participation is very high in prevention and blackout activities at KPH Cepu, Central Java. Keywords: Factors, participation, control of forest fire

Analysis Of Factors Causing Forest and Land Fire in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan

Forest fire is one of the environmental problems that often occurs and is considered important so that it becomes a local and global concern. Forest and land fires are an event that often occurs in Indonesian territory, especially on the island of Kalimantan. Climate is one of the natural factors that can support the occurrence of forest fires, because climatic conditions can affect the dryness of surface fuels. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between hotspots and rainfall on forest fires in Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan in the 2017-2021 period. The data used in this study are hotspots using the Terra/Aqua-MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite, administrative area data, and rainfall data. The results showed that the highest rainfall was in March of 393 mm/month and the lowest in September was 70 mm/month. High and low rainfall can indicate hotspots which are one of the factors causing forest and land fires. The highest number of hotspots in Pulang Pisau during the 2017-2021 period occurred in 2019 with 3,424 points and the lowest in 2020 with 2 hotspots. This indicates an increase and decrease in rainfall related to the large number of hotspots. Keywords: rainfall, hotspots, fires, Pulang Pisau, Central KalimantanKebakaran hutan merupakan salah satu permasalahan lingkungan yang sering sekali terjadi dan dianggap penting sehingga menjadi perhatian lokal maupun global. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan merupakan suatu kejadian yang sering terjadi di wilayah Indonesia, khususnya di Pulau Kalimantan. Iklim merupakan salah satu faktor alami yang dapat mendukung terjadinya kebakaran hutan, karena kondisi iklim dapat mempengaruhi tingkat kekeringan bahan bakar permukaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara hotspot dengan curah hujan terhadap terjadinya kebakaran hutan di Pulang Pisau Kalimantan Tengah pada periode 2017-2021. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa hotspot dengan menggunakan satelit Terra/Aqua-MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), data wilayah administrasi, serta data curah hujan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa curah hujan tertinggi pada bulan Maret sebesar 393 mm/bulan dan terendah pada bulan September yaitu 70 mm/bulan. Tinggi dan rendahnya curah hujan dapat mengindikasikan adanya titik panas (hotspot) yang menjadi salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Jumlah titik panas (hotspot) di Pulang Pisau tertinggi selama periode 2017-2021 terjadi pada tahun 2019 sebanyak 3.424 titik dan terendah pada tahun 2020 dengan jumlah titik panas (hotspot) sebanyak 2 titik. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan peningkatan dan penurunan curah hujan berkaitan dengan banyaknya jumlah titik panas (hotspot). Kata kunci: curah hujan, titik panas (hotspot), kebakaran, Pulang pisau, Kalimantan Tenga

Potensi Kebakaran Hutan di IUPHHK-HT PT Finnantara Intiga Kabupaten Sintang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

The forest fire potential based studied on rainfall and fire source of forest fire also forest fire controlling. The research was conducted from February to May 2016 in IUPHHK-HT PT Finnantara Intiga Sintang Distric Province Kalimantan Barat in the village of Sejirak and Ratu Damai. The objectives of this research are to analyze the level of vulnerability forest fire based on rainfall during 5 years, to analyze the source of forest fire and analyze the efforts of forest fire controlling in IUPHHK-HT PT Finnantara Intiga Sintang Distric Province Kalimantan Barat. The result showed that the average of yearly rainfall at 5 years was 3 659 mm. It can be categtorized into not fine front. While the largest potency of fire sources is come from the society in Sejirak village and Ratu Damai village, almost 80% the society in that village still using fire to do land clearing. Forest fire controlling in IUPHHK-HT PT Finnantara Intiga Sintang includes prevention, suppression and extinguishing.  Keyword : Rainfall, forest fire, Source fire, Sintang, West Kalimanta

Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan di KPH Sumedang

Forest fire is one of the most common forest disturbances. The losses incurred will continue to increase if there is no control efforts are taken. Forest fires in KPH Sumedang in 2014 occur as many as ten times with varied sites including Tomo Utara, Ujung Jaya, Cadas Pangeran, and Tomo, therefore it is necessary to analyze the causes of fire and forest fire control efforts need to be undertaken. This research was conducted by using data triangulation method, and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed the cause of the fire due to factors surrounding community activities include forest clearance of land, cigarette butts and land clearing by burning. Forest fire suppression facilities and infrastructure available at KPH Sumedang still do not meet the requirements set forth in LHK Regulation No. 32 of 2016, it is concluded that the efforts already taken to overcome forest fire in KPH Sumedang is not optimal. Keywords: blackout facilities, causes of forest fires, infrastructure, and forest fire

Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Gas Emissions Due to Forest and Land Fires in Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province

Kebakaran hutan dan lahan memiliki dampak serius terhadap perubahan iklim karena menghasilkan emisi gas karbon dioksida. Kabupaten Muaro Jambi adalah kabupaten dengan kebakaran hutan dan lahan terparah di Provinsi Jambi. Penelitian bertujuan menduga emisi gas karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan menduga luasan area terbakar menggunakan citra Sentinel-2, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan emisi karbon dioksida menggunakan persamaan Seiler dan Crutzen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah hotspot yang terdeteksi di Kabupaten Muaro Jambi secara berurutan pada tahun 2019, 2020, 2021 dan 2022 sebesar 3367, 18, 6, dan 2 titik. Sementara itu, emisi gas karbondioksida yang dihasilkan pada tahun 2019, 2020, 2021 dan 2022 di tanah mineral sebesar 615,913,55 ton, 4.353,76 ton, 415,90 ton, dan 2.895,54 ton. Sedangkan di lahan gambut emisi yang dikeluarkan sebesar 8.922,62 ton, 4.761,38 ton, 36,14 ton, dan 121,35 ton. Kata kunci: emisi gas karbondioksida, hotspot, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi, tutupan lahanForest and land fires have a serious impact on climate change because they produce carbon dioxide gas emissions. Muaro Jambi District is the district with the worst forest and land fires in Jambi Province. The study aims to estimate the carbon dioxide gas emissions generated in Muaro Jambi Regency. The method used was to estimate the burned area using Sentinel-2 imagery, then calculate carbon dioxide emissions using the Seiler and Crutzen equation. The results showed that the number of hotspots detected in Muaro Jambi Regency in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 amounted to 3367, 18, 6, and 2 points, respectively. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide gas emissions generated in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 on mineral soil amounted to 615,913.55 tons, 4,353.76 tons, 415.90 tons, and 2,895.54 tons. While in peatlands the emissions released were 8,922.62 tons, 4,761.38 tons, 36.14 tons, and 121.35 tons. Keywords: carbon dioxide gas emissions, hotspots, land cover, Muaro Jambi Regency