Dynamic similarity promotes interpersonal coordination in joint-action

Human movement has been studied for decades and dynamic laws of motion that are common to all humans have been derived. Yet, every individual moves differently from everyone else (faster/slower, harder/smoother etc). We propose here an index of such variability, namely an individual motor signature (IMS) able to capture the subtle differences in the way each of us moves. We show that the IMS of a person is time-invariant and that it significantly differs from those of other individuals. This allows us to quantify the dynamic similarity, a measure of rapport between dynamics of different individuals' movements, and demonstrate that it facilitates coordination during interaction. We use our measure to confirm a key prediction of the theory of similarity that coordination between two individuals performing a joint-action task is higher if their motions share similar dynamic features. Furthermore, we use a virtual avatar driven by an interactive cognitive architecture based on feedback control theory to explore the effects of different kinematic features of the avatar motion on the coordination with human players

Mécanismes développementaux des circuits dopaminergiques et leur implication dans les comportements hyperactifs

Les neurones dopaminergiques du mésencéphale (mDA) sont impliqués de manière critique dans diverses fonctions clés du cerveau, y compris les mouvements volontaires, la récompense, l'attention et l'apprentissage. La bonne spécification des neurones dopaminergique, ainsi que l’établissement des circuits dopaminergiques sont nécessaires à un bon fonctionnement du cerveau. Le dysfonctionnement des circuits dopaminergiques est lié au développement de troubles neuropsychiatriques, y compris le trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH), le trouble obsessionnel compulsif (TOC) et les troubles liés aux TOCs, comme le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. L’obtention d’un circuit dopaminergique fonctionnel dépend du développement des neurones dopaminergiques. Les facteurs de transcription Lmx1a et Lmx1b font partie de la famille des LIM à homeodomain et sont des déterminants précoces de l’avenir des neurones dopaminergique. Lmx1a/b sont essentiels pour chaque étape de la différenciation des progéniteurs de neurone dopaminergique. Il a été démontré précédemment que les souris Lmx1a/b cKO ont une activité locomotrice augmentée par rapport aux contrôles. Ici, une caractérisation approfondie des souris Lmx1a/b a révélé que ces souris avaient un comportement hyperactif, en lien avec le TDAH, et démontraient des symptômes du type TOC. Au niveau cellulaire, la perte de fonction de Lmx1a/b a induit une réduction de l’arborisation dendritique et de la fréquence des courants postsynaptiques excitateurs miniatures spontanés (mEPSCs) dans les neurones dopaminergiques. Le profil d'expression des gènes chez les souris Lmx1a / b cKO a révélé que Lmx1a/b contrôle l'expression de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5, deux membres de la famille des protéines Slit et Trk (Slitrk). Le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5 dans des cultures de neurones dopaminergiques ont montré que Slitrk2 régule positivement et Slitrk5 régulent négativement la croissance dendritique. Également, le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 ont induit une variation de la densité des punctas synaptiques excitateurs (PSD95 et VGLUT). En conséquence, la perte de fonction de Slitrk2 a réduit la fréquence des mEPSCs, tandis que l'augmentation de l'expression de Slitrk2 a augmenté la fréquence des mEPSCs, sans changement d'amplitude ou dans la fréquence ou de l'amplitude des mIPSCs. Ces données suggèrent un rôle pour Slitrk2 dans la formation de synapses excitatrices fonctionnelles. À l'inverse, le gain et la perte de fonction de Slitrk5 ont induit une modification de la densité des punctas synaptiques inhibiteurs (géphyrine et VGAT). La perte d’expression de Slitrk5 a réduit la fréquence des mIPSCs tandis que l'augmentation de l'expression de Slitrk5 a augmenté la fréquence des mIPSCs, sans changement dans l'amplitude ou de la fréquence et de l'amplitude des mEPSCs. Ces données suggèrent un rôle pour Slitrk5 dans la formation de synapses fonctionnelles inhibitrices. Nous avons également étudié les conséquences sur le comportement de Slitrk2 et Slitrk5 dans les neurones mDA. Les souris, dans lesquelles Slitrk2 a été invalidé dans la VTA, démontrent un changement significatif dans l'activité locomotrice et montrent de l’hyperactivité. À l'inverse, les souris avec une expression réduite de Slitrk5 présentent une activité locomotrice réduite et un comportement analogue à un TOC. Ces changements de comportement peuvent être causés par une modification de l'activité des neurones dopaminergiques. L'inhibition chronique des neurones de la VTA, en utilisant une approche pharmacogénétique, pendant le développement postnatal à induit une activité motrice augmentée, similaire au TDAH, et un comportement analogue à un TOC. Ceci évoque certains aspects du comportement des souris Lmx1a/b cKO. Une inhibition aiguë a entraîné une diminution de l'activité locomotrice, alors que l'inhibition chronique chez des animaux plus âgés n'a eu aucun effet. Ensemble, ces résultats indiquent que Lmx1a/b, Slitrk2, et Slitrk5 sont des acteurs clés du développement des neurones dopaminergique et de la formation des synapses, ce qui peut avoir un impact sur le développement de TDAH et de TOC.Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are critically involved in various key functions of the brain, including voluntary movement, reward, attention, and learning. The proper specification of dopaminergic neurons, as well as the establishment of dopaminergic circuits are necessary to a good functioning of the brain. Dopaminergic circuitry dysfunctions are linked to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and OCD-like disorders, such as Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. The LIM-homeodomain transcriptional factors Lmx1a and Lmx1b are early determinants of the dopaminergic fate and are essential for each step of mDA progenitor differentiation. Previously, it has been demonstrated that Lmx1a/b cKO mice show increased locomotor activity. Further characterization of Lmx1a/b cKO mice revealed that these mice had ADHD- and OCD-like behaviour. The loss of function of Lmx1a/b reduced dendritic morphology and frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in mDA neurons. Gene expression profiling in Lmx1a/b cKO mice revealed that Lmx1a/b controls the expression of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5, two members of the Slit and Trk-like (Slitrk) protein family. Gain and loss of function of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5 in mDA neuron cultures showed that Slitrk2 positively regulates and Slitrk5 negatively regulate dendritic growth. Additionally, gain and loss of function of Slitrk2 induced a change in the density of excitatory synaptic puncta (PSD95 and VGLUT). Accordingly, Slitrk2 knockdown reduced the frequency of mEPSCs while increased Slitrk2 expression increased the frequency of mEPSCs, with no change in amplitude or in mIPSCs frequency or amplitude. These data suggest a role for Slitrk2 in the formation of functional excitatory synapses. Inversely, gain and loss of function of Slitrk5 induced a modification in the density of inhibitory synaptic puncta (gephyrin and VGAT). Slitrk5 knockdown reduced the frequency of mIPSCs while increased Slitrk5 expression increased the frequency of mIPSCs, with no change in amplitude or in mEPSCs frequency or amplitude. These data suggest a role for Slitrk5 in the formation of functional inhibitory synapses. We also investigated the consequences on behaviour of Slitrk2 and Slitrk5 reduced expression in mDA neurons. Mice, in which Slitrk2 was knocked down in the VTA, display significant change in locomotor activity and show ADHD. Inversely, mice with reduced expression of Slitrk5 exhibit lower activity and OCD-like behaviour. These behavioural changes might be caused by a change in mDA neuron firing activity. Chronic inhibition of mDA neurons during postnatal development using a pharmacogenetic approach induced ADHD and OCD-like behaviour and mimic some aspects of the Lmx1a/b cKO mice. Acute inhibition resulted in decreased locomotor activity, while chronic inhibition in older animals had no effect. Altogether, these results indicate that Lmx1a/b and Slitrk2/5 are key players of mDA neuron development and synapse formation, which may have an impact on ADHD and OCD-like disorders.Résumé en espagno

Influence of facial feedback and mind perception during a cooperative human-robot task in schizophrenia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Nature via the DOI in this record.Rapid progress in the area of humanoid robots offers tremendous possibilities for investigating and improving social competences in people with social deficits, but remains yet unexplored in schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the influence of social feedbacks elicited by a humanoid robot on motor coordination during a human-robot interaction. Twenty-two schizophrenia patients and twenty-two matched healthy controls underwent a collaborative motor synchrony task with the iCub humanoid robot. Results revealed that positive social feedback had a facilitatory effect on motor coordination in the control participants compared to non-social positive feedback. This facilitatory effect was not present in schizophrenia patients, whose social-motor coordination was similarly impaired in social and non-social feedback conditions. Furthermore, patients’ cognitive flexibility impairment and antipsychotic dosing were negatively correlated with patients’ ability to synchronize hand movements with iCub. Overall, our findings reveal that patients have marked difficulties to exploit facial social cues elicited by a humanoid robot to modulate their motor coordination during human-robot interaction, partly accounted for by cognitive deficits and medication. This study opens new perspectives for comprehension of social deficits in this mental disorder.This experiment was supported by a grant from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7 ICT 2011 Call 9) under grant agreement n FP7-ICT-600610 ALTEREGO

Unravelling socio-motor biomarkers in schizophrenia

We present novel, low-cost and non-invasive potential diagnostic biomarkers of schizophrenia. They are based on the ‘mirror-game’, a coordination task in which two partners are asked to mimic each other’s hand movements. In particular, we use the patient’s solo movement, recorded in the absence of a partner, and motion recorded during interaction with an artificial agent, a computer avatar or a humanoid robot. In order to discriminate between the patients and controls, we employ statistical learning techniques, which we apply to nonverbal synchrony and neuromotor features derived from the participants’ movement data. The proposed classifier has 93% accuracy and 100% specificity. Our results provide evidence that statistical learning techniques, nonverbal movement coordination and neuromotor characteristics could form the foundation of decision support tools aiding clinicians in cases of diagnostic uncertainty

Propriétés biophysiques et régulation fonctionnelle des synapses inhibitrices sur les interneurones de l'hippocampe

Les interneurones du stratum oriens/alveus (O/As), incluant ceux avec une projection axonale s'étendant jusqu'au stratum lacunosum-moleculare (O-LMs) de l'hippocampe reçoivent des projections inhibitrices locales, et possiblement une projection extrinsèque provenant du septum. Peu de choses sont connues sur les propriétés des synapses inhibitrices sur les O/As. La technique du « patch clamp » a été utilisée pour caractériser les courants inhibiteurs évoqués dans des O/As par stimulation de différentes voies inhibitrices. Les données montrent que les courants évoqués par stimulation des voies inhibitrices locales diffèrent de ceux du septum suggérant que des synapses formées par des voies distinctes sur les O/As se démarquent en propriétés et en plasticité synaptique. De plus, les courants enregistrés dans les O-LMs montrent différentes propriétés cinétiques et de plasticité dépendamment à l'âge s'expliquant par l'incorporation synaptique de GABAARα5 lors de la maturation post-natale, qui peut représenter un mécanisme potentiel pour des modifications dans l'inhibition de l'hippocampe

Integrating isotopes and documentary evidence : dietary patterns in a late medieval and early modern mining community, Sweden

We would like to thank the Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden and the Tandem Laboratory (Ångström Laboratory), Uppsala University, Sweden, for undertaking the analyses of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes in both human and animal collagen samples. Also, thanks to Elin Ahlin Sundman for providing the δ13C and δ15N values for animal references from Västerås. This research (Bäckström’s PhD employment at Lund University, Sweden) was supported by the Berit Wallenberg Foundation (BWS 2010.0176) and Jakob and Johan Söderberg’s foundation. The ‘Sala project’ (excavations and analyses) has been funded by Riksens Clenodium, Jernkontoret, Birgit and Gad Rausing’s Foundation, SAU’s Research Foundation, the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund, Berit Wallenbergs Foundation, Åke Wibergs Foundation, Lars Hiertas Memory, Helge Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Selective inhibition of extra-synaptic α5-GABA_A receptors by S44819, a new therapeutic agent

In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) GABAA receptors (GABAARs) mediate neuronal inhibition and are important therapeutic targets. GABAARs are composed of 5 subunits, drawn from 19 proteins, underpinning expression of 20-30 GABAAR subtypes. In the CNS these isoforms are heterogeneously expressed and exhibit distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. We report the discovery of S44819, a novel tricyclic oxazolo-2,3-benzodiazepine-derivative, that selectively inhibits α5-subunit-containing GABAARs (α5-GABAARs). Current α5-GABAAR inhibitors bind to the “benzodiazepine site”. However, in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant α5-GABAARs, S44819 had no effect on 3H-flumazenil binding, but displaced the GABAAR agonist 3H-muscimol and competitively inhibited the GABA-induced responses. Importantly, we reveal that the α5-subunit selectivity is uniquely governed by amino acid residues within the α-subunit F-loop, a region associated with GABA binding. In mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons, S44819 enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP), blocked a tonic current mediated by extrasynaptic α5-GABAARs, but had no effect on synaptic GABAARs. In mouse thalamic neurons, S44819 had no effect on the tonic current mediated by δ-GABAARs, or on synaptic (α1β2γ2) GABAARs. In rats, S44819 enhanced object recognition memory and reversed scopolamine-induced impairment of working memory in the eight-arm radial maze. In conclusion, S44819 is a first in class compound that uniquely acts as a potent, competitive, selective antagonist of recombinant and native α5-GABAARs. Consequently, S44819 enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and exhibits pro-cognitive efficacy. Given this profile, S44819 may improve cognitive function in neurodegenerative disorders and facilitate post-stroke recovery