Application of the stages of change model to dairy consumption among students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences

زمینه و هدف: الگوی مراحل تغییر در برخی از مطالعات به منظور شناخت مراحل تغییر رژیم غذایی به کار رفته است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کاربرد الگوی مراحل تغییر برای مصرف لبنیات در دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مقطعی 423 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد در سال 1390 بررسی شدند. نمونه گیری به روش تصادفی خوشه ای دو مرحله ای انجام شد. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه 3 بخشی استفاده شد که شامل اطلاعات دموگرافیک، پرسشنامه استاندارد بسامد مصرف غذایی (FFQ) و پرسشنامه استاندارد مراحل تغییر بود. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های آماری کای-اسکوئر، من ویتنی، کروسکال والیس و رگرسیون لجستیک در نرم افزار SPSS آنالیز شدند. یافته ها: میانگین سنی دانشجویان 3/3 ± 1/22 سال (با دامنه 35-18 سال) بود. 4/67 آن ها مونث و 21 متاهل بودند. بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی مصرف لبنیات به ترتیب مربوط به پنیر و کشک بود. اکثر دانشجویان (1/78) روزانه سهم کافی از لبنیات مصرف نمی کردند. در دانشجویان مجرد نسبت به افراد متاهل سهم مصرف روزانه لبنیات بیشتر بود (05/0>P). بررسی مصرف لبنیات بر اساس الگوی مراحل تغییر نشان داد که اکثر دانشجویان (1/24) در مرحله تفکر و کمترین آن ها در مرحله پیش از تفکر (4/10) بودند. 6/54 از دانشجویان در مراحل قبل از عمل (پیش از تفکر، تفکر و آمادگی) و 4/45 در مراحل بعد از عمل (اقدام و نگهداری) برای ایجاد تغییر بودند. نتیجه گیری: از نظر مدل فرا تئوری یا مراحل تغییر، بیشتر دانشجویان مورد بررسی در مراحل قبل از عمل به ویژه مرحله تفکر قرار داشتند همچنین اکثر دانشجویان سهم کافی از لبنیات مصرف نمی کردند؛ لذا این تئوری می تواند برای طراحی مداخلاتی جهت افزایش مصرف لبنیات در این گروه از جمعیت مناسب باشد

Easily manufactured TiO2 hollow fibers for quantum dot sensitized solar cells

TiO2 hollow fibers with high surface area were manufactured by a simple synthesis method, using natural cellulose fibers as template. The effective light scattering properties of the hollow fibers, originating from their micron size, were observed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. In spite of the micrometric length of the TiO2 hollow fibers, the walls were highly porous and high surface area (78.2 m2 g 1 ) was obtained by the BET method. TiO2 hollow fibers alone and mixed with other TiO2 pastes were sensitized with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) and integrated as a photoanode in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). High power conversion efficiency was obtained, 3.24% (Voc = 503 mV, Jsc = 11.92 mA cm 2 , FF = 0.54), and a clear correspondence of the cell performance with the photoanode structure was observed. The unique properties of these fibers: high surface area, effective light scattering, hollow structure to facile electrolyte diffusion and the rather high efficiencies obtained here suggest that hollow fibers can be introduced as promising nanostructures to make highly efficient quantum dot sensitized solar cells

Reviewing the solutions of improving open spaces in primarygirls’schools from students’perspective (Case study: Tabriz city)

Background and Objectives:Research shows that the presence of students in nature and outdoors reduces stress, increases vitality and mobility, increases concentration, etc. Therefore, children should not be deprived of the blessing of being in this environment. Today, due to the increase in construction in Iran and the development of the culture of apartment living in courtyards, it is smaller and in most cases unusable, and has given way to a terrace in each apartment unit. This has limited the child's contact with nature and natural environments, and since children often spend most of their time in school after home, the school yard can provide a good place for them to spend time in nature. Spending time in the school yard, whether it is a waste of recreational or educational opportunities, can partially compensate for the lack of connection between children and the outdoors. School yard is a part of the physical space which can have a significant impact on raising the level of learning, growth and education of students. Neglecting these spaces in recent decades represents the necessity of attention to this issue. Therefore, the present study seeks to emphasize the importance of open spaces in schools in order to improve the current conditions of schools according to the needs of students as the main beneficiaries. Method and Materials: In order to meet these goals, descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies was used. Eight elementary girls’ schools were randomly selected and studied in Tabriz city. In this paper, it has been tried to use collaborative methods such as drawing, writing, and interviewing students about their expectations of the school's yard. A total of 280students were interviewed and their paintings were examined. The data were coded in MAXQDA11 software and finally, to assess the students’ satisfaction the paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were run using SPSS software. Findings: The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the state of the school yard and its ideal state. Finally, some suggestions are provided to improve the quality of the school yards.The findings of the study could be used in designing elementary schools such as: increasing the connection between outdoors and indoors, division of functions, using of the flexible materials with pretty colors on the floor and walls, and using of the flexible furniture. Conclusion: According to the research and research findings, it can be concluded that the environment of children can act as a deterrent or facilitator in their learning, growth and development. The rate of learning and development of the child increases when they connects with the environment, the open space and nature. Therefore, by creating a suitable environment and in accordance with their opinion, the desire of children to be present in the environment should be increased. A key factor in designing is the ability of children to create their own learning environments, rather than being in an environment where everything is pre-determined. In response to the first question of the research, we can mention the increase of sports equipment and attention to quality and observance of scale by 97% and the increase of greenery by 96%, which have the largest share among students' demands. In response to other research questions, it should be said that there is a difference between their demands from the school yard and the current situation, and with the solutions proposed in this research, their demands can be approached to achieve ideal conditions

Distribution of \u3ci\u3eEscherichia coli\u3c/i\u3e Passaged through Processing Equipment during Ground Beef Production Using Inoculated Trimmings

The contamination of raw ground beef by Escherichia coli O157:H7 is not only a public health issue but also an economic concern to meat processors. When E. coli O157:H7 is detected in a ground beef sample, the product lots made immediately before and after the lot represented by the positive sample are discarded or diverted to lethality treatment. However, there is little data to base decisions on how much product must be diverted. Therefore, five 2,000-lb (907-kg) combo bins of beef trimmings were processed into 10-lb (4.54-kg) chubs of raw ground beef, wherein the second combo of meat was contaminated with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–expressing strain of E. coli. This was performed at two different commercial ground beef processing facilities, and at a third establishment where ground beef chubs from the second grinding establishment were mechanically split and repackaged into 3-lb (1.36-kg) loaves in trays. The GFP E. coli was tracked through the production of 10-lb (4.54-kg) chubs and the strain could not be detected after 26.5% more material (500 lb or 227 kg) and 87.8% more material (1,840 lb or 835 kg) followed the contaminated combo at each establishment, respectively. Three-pound (1.36-kg) loaves were no longer positive after just 8.6% more initially noncontaminated material (72 lb or 33 kg) was processed. The GFP strain could not be detected postprocessing in any residual meat or fat collected from the equipment used in the three trials. These results indicate that diversion to a safe end point (lethality or rendering) of the positive lot of ground beef, plus the lot before and lot after should remove contaminated ground beef, and as such provides support for the current industry practice. Further, the distribution and flow of E. coli on beef trimmings through various commercial equipment was different; thus, each establishment needs to consider this data when segregating lots of ground beef and establishing sampling protocols to monitor production

Hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) as a novel severe plastic deformation process for producing long nanostructured metals

In this paper, hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) is developed as a new severe plastic deformation technique for processing of the relatively longer ultrafine grained samples. Increasing the length of the processed sample, decreasing the processing load astonishingly, and increasing the hydrostatic stresses are the main advantages of HCEE. In this process, pressurized hydraulic fluid surrounded workplace played the primary role in reducing the friction load and in reducing consequently total load. The HCEE process was applied to commercial pure aluminum 1050 samples at room temperature, and then microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were examined. Microstructure analysis using back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed that a significant grain refinement is achieved after the HCEE process. The average size of grains and subgrains decreased to ~700 nm after two passes of the HCEE process from the initial value of 50 µm in the unprocessed sample. Yield and ultimate strength were increased from 40 MPa and 52 MPa to 125 MPa and 137 MPa after two passes of HCEE process. Also, microhardness was increased from 36 HV to 45 HV after the first pass. The process seems to be very promising for industrial application of SPD processing which suffer from the main challenge of limited sample size

Climate-sensitive health priorities in Nunatsiavut, Canada

Background: This exploratory study used participatory methods to identify, characterize, and rank climate-sensitive health priorities in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada. Methods: A mixed method study design was used and involved collecting both qualitative and quantitative data at regional, community, and individual levels. In-depth interviews with regional health representatives were conducted throughout Nunatsiavut (n = 11). In addition, three PhotoVoice workshops were held with Rigolet community members (n = 11), where participants took photos of areas, items, or concepts that expressed how climate change is impacting their health. The workshop groups shared their photographs, discussed the stories and messages behind them, and then grouped photos into re-occurring themes. Two community surveys were administered in Rigolet to capture data on observed climatic and environmental changes in the area, and perceived impacts on health, wellbeing, and lifestyles (n = 187). Results: Climate-sensitive health pathways were described in terms of inter-relationships between environmental and social determinants of Inuit health. The climate-sensitive health priorities for the region included food security, water security, mental health and wellbeing, new hazards and safety concerns, and health services and delivery. Conclusions: The results highlight several climate-sensitive health priorities that are specific to the Nunatsiavut region, and suggest approaching health research and adaptation planning from an EcoHealth perspective