Fishing Enterprises towards sustainable fisheries in the EU's reform of the Common Fisheries Policy

The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union is therefore studied in the following aspects: their influence of fisheries enterprises and stakeholders the CFP’s historical development (Chapter I); their adaptation to the conservation pillar of the reform, with a particular focus on the tools introduced to control and reduce pressure on stocks and preserve the marine environment (Chapter II); the Common Organisation of the Markets (CMO), with special reference to the strengthened role of Producer Organisations (POs) and new labelling requirements (Chapter III); the implications of the reorientation of the budgetary policy under the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (Chapter IV) and, finally, the external dimension of the CFP, that brings opportunities, challenges and new duties for EU fleets operating in distant waters (Chapter V)

Çocuklarda kapanış ilişkileri ve oklüzyon

The complementary part of oral health in children is the inspection of the eruption and maturation of deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition by a pediatric dentist. With this inspection the child will result with a functionally and esthetically stable and excaptable occlusion. Many changes occure in the dental occlusion from the time of birth to adulthood. These changes are minor in the permanent dentition while major in the mixed dentiton. The pediatric dentist should always be aware of these dental changes, be able to diagnose any abnormal development (malocclusion) in the child patient. This kind of a concept will stop the unnecessary treatment applied to the physiological changes. The aim of this review is to discuss the changes in the occlusal relations and occlusion from deciduous to permanent dentition in children. ÖZET Çocuk hastalarn ağız ve diş sağlığının korunmasındaki tamamlayıcı unsur dişlerin süt, karışık ve sürekli dişlenme dönemlerindeki sürme ve gelişimlerinin takibinin bir pedodontist tarafından yaplmasıdır. Yaplan bu takip sonucunda fonksiyonel ve estetik olarak kabul edilebilir, stabil bir oklüzyon sağlanmış olur. Doğumdan erişkinliğe kadar geçen süre boyunca dental oklüzyonda pek çok değişimler meydana gelir. Bu değişimler karışık dişlenme döneminde daha belirgin iken; sürekli dişlenme döneminde daha küçük değişimler şeklinde gözlenebilir. Hekimin, çocuk hastada meydana gelen dental değişimlerin farkında olması ve meydana gelebilecek herhangi bir anormal gelişime tanı koyabilmesi gereklidir. Böyle bir yaklaşım, çocuk hastada meydana gelen “normal” fizyolojik durumların gereksiz yere tedavi edilmesini de engellemiş olacaktır. Bu derlemenin amacı; çocuklarda dişsiz dönemden sürekli dişlenme dönemine kadar kapanış ilişkileri ve oklüzyonunda meydana gelen fizyolojik değişimleri incelemektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuklarda oklüzyon, maloklüzyon, kapanş ilişkis

Some (bacilli) like it hot: Genomics of Geobacillus species

Copyright © 2014 The Author. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.What are Geobacillus?BBSR

Current understandings of colibactin regulation

The biosynthetic machinery for the production of colibactin is encoded by 19 genes (clbA – S) within the pks pathogenicity island harboured by many E. coli of the B2-phylogroup. Colibactin is a potent genotoxic metabolite which causes DNA-damage and which has potential roles in microbial competition and fitness of pks+ bacteria. Colibactin has also been strongly implicated in the development of colorectal cancer. Given the genotoxicity of colibactin and the metabolic cost of its synthesis, the regulatory system governing the clb cluster is accordingly highly complex, and many of the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this review we summarise the current understanding of regulation of colibactin biosynthesis by internal molecular components and how these factors are modulated by signals from the external environment

Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Fissure Sealants Treated with Different Antibacterial Agents

Svrha - Ovim istraživanjem in vitro željela se na pojednostavljenom modelu caklinske fisure procijeniti mikrozatezna snaga smole za pečaćenje tretirana antibakterijskim samojetkajućim adhezivnim sustavom, antibakterijskim predtretmanom prije nanošenja samojetkajućeg adhezivnog sustava i samojetkajućim sustavom. Materijali i metode: Tek izvađeni kravlji mandibularni sjekutići nasumce su podijeljeni u četiri skupine: A. 35-postotna fosforna kiselina + Clinpro sealant®; B. 35-postotna fosforna kiselina + Clearfil protect bond + Clinpro sealant®; C. 35-postotna fosforna kiselina + Consepsis Scrub® + Clearfil SE bond® + Clinpro sealant®; D. 35-postotna fosforna kiselina + Clearfil SE bond® + Clinpro sealant®. Dva komadića cakline učvršćena su voskom na sterilna stakalca s razmakom od 0,6 ± 0,1 milimetar. Zatim su okomito razrezani štapići (≈1mm x 1mm) podvrgnuti testu čvrstoće u univerzalnom stroju s konstantnom poprečnom brzinom glave (1mm/ min). Nakon toga je popucalim površinama određena vrsta frakture. Za statističku analizu korištena je jednosmjerna analiza varijance te Tukeyev i hi-kvadrat test. Rezultati: Mikrozatezna snaga veze u skupini C (34,63 ± 15,59 MPa) bila je mnogo veća nego u skupini A (19,86 ± 7,08 MPa) (p: 0,0001), B (24,49 ± 9,38 MPa) (p: 0,002) i D (19,84 ± 9,92 MPa) (p: 0,0001). Frakturne pukotine uglavnom su se nalazile u adhezivnom sloju, a među skupinama nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u obliku fraktura (p: 0,343). Zaključak: Mikrozatezna snaga veze samojetkajućeg adhezivnog sustava bila je na površinama tretiranima klorheksidinskim kavitetnim ezinficijensom značajno veća nego ona kod primijenjenog antibakterijskog samojetkajućeg sustava zasebno, samojetkajućeg adhezivnog sustava ili konvencionalnog jetkajućeg sustava kiselinom.Objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the micro-tensile enamel bond strength of fissure sealants treated by an antibacterial self-etching agent, antibacterial pretreatment prior to application of a self-etching adhesive system and self-etching adhesive system alone using the simplified enamel fissure model. Materials and Methods: Fresh extracted bovine mandibular incisors were randomly divided into four groups: A. 35% phosphoric acid + Clinpro sealant®; B. 35% phosphoric acid + Clearfil protect bond + Clinpro sealant®; C. 35% phosphoric acid + Consepsis Scrub® + Clearfil SE bond® + Clinpro sealant®; D. 35% phosphoric acid + Clearfil SE bond® + Clinpro sealant®. Two pieces (4 x 6 mm) of enamel were secured with wax on a sterile glass slide to a mean distance of 0.6 ± 0.1 mm. Vertically sectioned bars (≈1mmx 1mm) were submitted to tensile tests at constant crosshead speed (1mm/min) using a universal testing machine. Fractured surfaces were inspected to determine the mode of fracture. Regarding statistical analysis, One-way variance, Tukey and Chi-square tests were applied. Results: The micro-tensile bond strengths of group C (34.63±15.59 MPa) was significantly higher than group A (19.86±7.08 MPa) (p:0.0001), group B (24.49±9.38 MPa) (p:0.002) and group D (19.84±9.92 MPa) (p:0.0001). Failures were predominantly adhesive in nature; where there were no statistically significant differences in fracture patterns between groups. (p:0,343). Conclusion: The micro-tensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive system previously treated with chlorhexidine cavity disinfectant was significantly higher than an antibacterial self-etching adhesive system alone, a self-etching adhesive system and a conventional acid etching system

The Buffering Capacity of Probiotic Yogurt

Svrha: U ovom se istraživanju želio odrediti u literaturi još neistražen potencijal puferiranja probiotičkih jogurta. Zadaća je bila odrediti pH, titracijsku kiselost određenih probiotičkih jogurta i njihov puferski kapacitet s naglaskom na raspon pH u kojem je puferiranje učinkovito. Materijali i metode: Dvadeset i pet mililitara svakog odabranog jogurta titrirano je s 1 mol/L natrijeva hidroksida. Dodavao se postupno po 0,5 mililitara sve dok nije postignuto 10, kako bi se procijenila ukupna titrabilna kiselost – mjera za puferski kapacitet jogurta. Rezultat: Početni pH bio je najniži kod jogurta Activia Peach (4,40± 0,14), a najviši kod Danonea natural (5,29± 0,10). Puferski kapacitet analiziranih jogurta može biti sljedeći: Danone natural >Danone peach >Activia plain >Activia strawberry >Activia Peach. Između tih pet jogurta nema statistički značajne razlike (p >0,05). Zaključak: Trebalo bi preispitati tvrdnju o puferskom kapacitetu probiotičkih jogurta.Aim: The potential buffering role of probiotic yogurt has not been investigated. The aim of the study was to determine the pH, titratable acidity of a selection of various probiotic yogurts, their buffering effects with an emphasis on the pH range in which the buffer is efficient. Material & Methods: A quantity of 25 ml of each yogurt was titrated with 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide, added gradually by 0.5 ml, until the pH reached 10 to assess the total titratable acidity - a measure of probiotic yogurt’s own buffering capacity. Results: The initial pH was the lowest for Activia peach yogurt (4.40± 0.14) and the highest for Danone natural yogurt (5.29± 0.10). The buffering capacities can be listed as follows: Danone natural >Danone peach >Activia plain >Activia strawberry >Activia peach. There were no statistically significant differences observed between yogurts within any of the five groups compared as a whole with one another. (p >0.05). Conclusions: Buffering capacities of probiotic yogurts should be undermined

Comparison of verona integron-borne metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) variants reveals differences in stability and inhibition profiles

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are of increasing clinical significance; the development of clinically useful MBL inhibitors is challenged by the rapid evolution of variant MBLs. The Verona integron-borne metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) enzymes are among the most widely distributed MBLs, with >40 VIM variants having been reported. We report on the crystallographic analysis of VIM-5 and comparison of biochemical and biophysical properties of VIM-1, VIM-2, VIM-4, VIM-5, and VIM-38. Recombinant VIM variants were produced and purified, and their secondary structure and thermal stabilities were investigated by circular dichroism analyses. Steady-state kinetic analyses with a representative panel of β-lactam substrates were carried out to compare the catalytic efficiencies of the VIM variants. Furthermore, a set of metalloenzyme inhibitors were screened to compare their effects on the different VIM variants. The results reveal only small variations in the kinetic parameters of the VIM variants but substantial differences in their thermal stabilities and inhibition profiles. Overall, these results support the proposal that protein stability may be a factor in MBL evolution and highlight the importance of screening MBL variants during inhibitor development programs

Micro-Tensile Dentin Bond Strength of Two All-in-One Adhesives and an Etch-and-Rinse Adhesive

Svrha: Istraživanjem se željela ocijeniti mikrozatezna čvrstoća dentinske veze dvaju jednokomponentnih adhezivnih sustava te jednoga koji se jetka i ispire. Ispitanici i postupak: Zubi su bili nasumce podijeljeni u tri skupine kako bi se ispitali u postupku sa sljedećim adhezivnim sustavima: Adhese One®, Futurabond M® i Adper Singlebond® (kontrola). Zbog toga su korijeni i apikalni dio dna pulpne komore bili uklonjeni mikrotomom. Nakon toga su nadogradnje rezane okomito u pravokutne (≈1mm x 1mm) štapiće, te su oni testirani - uz konstantnu brzinu glave (1mm/min) - na univerzalnom stroju za ispitivanje čvrstoće. Na taj je način bio ispitan svaki adhezivni sustav. Dobilo se petnaest uzoraka i testiran je bio svaki materijal povezan s dentinom. Frakturirane površine pregledane su kako bi se odredila vrsta oštećenja. Rezultati: Čvrstoća veze Adhese One (5,83±3,13 MPa) bila je znatno niža nego Futurabonda M (15,76±4,2 MPa) (p:0,0001) i Adper Singlebonda (21,14±5,04 MPa) (p:0,0001). Također je čvrstoća veze Futurabonda M bila statistički mnogo niža nego Adper Singlebonda (p:0,003). Zaključak: Ispitani jednokomponentni adhezivni sustavi pokazali su manju zateznu čvrstoću dentinske veze nego onaj s jetkanjem i ispiranjem.Aim: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the micro-tensile bond strength to dentin of two all-in-one adhesives and an etch-and-rinse adhesive. Material and Methods: The teeth were randomly divided into three groups for treatment with one of the following adhesives: Adhese One®, Futurabond M® and Adper Singlebond® (control). Roots and the apical floor of pulp chambers were removed with a microtome. The build-ups were vertically sectioned into rectangular (≈1mmx 1mm) compound bars with microtome. The bars were submitted to tensile tests at constant crosshead speed (1mm/min) using a universal testing machine and tested for each adhesive. Fifteen specimens were manufactured and tested for each material for permanent dentin. Fractured surfaces were inspected to determine the mode of fracture. Results: The bond strengths of Adhese One (5,83±3,13 MPa) was significantly lower than Futurabond M (15,76±4,2 MPa) (p:0,0001) and Adper Singlebond (21,14±5,04 MPa) (p:0,0001) while dentin bond strenght of Futurabond M was significantly lower than that of Adper Singlebond (p:0,003). Conclusions: The tested all-in-one adhesives showed lower dentin bond strengths than an etch-and-rinse adhesive

Functional and biochemical characterization of the Toxoplasma gondii succinate dehydrogenase complex

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) is a series of membrane embedded enzymatic complexes critical for energy conversion and mitochondrial metabolism. In commonly studied eukaryotes, including humans and animals, complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), is an essential four-subunit enzyme that acts as an entry point to the mETC, by harvesting electrons from the TCA cycle. Apicomplexa are pathogenic parasites with significant impact on human and animal health. The phylum includes Toxoplasma gondii which can cause fatal infections in immunocompromised people. Most apicomplexans, including Toxoplasma, rely on their mETC for survival, yet SDH remains largely understudied. Previous studies pointed to a divergent apicomplexan SDH with nine subunits proposed for the Toxoplasma complex, compared to four in humans. While two of the nine are homologs of the well-studied SDHA and B, the other seven have no homologs in SDHs of other systems. Moreover, SDHC and D, that anchor SDH to the membrane and participate in substrate bindings, have no homologs in Apicomplexa. Here, we validated five of the seven proposed subunits as bona fide SDH components and demonstrated their importance for SDH assembly and activity. We further find that all five subunits are important for parasite growth, and that disruption of SDH impairs mitochondrial respiration and results in spontaneous initiation of differentiation into bradyzoites. Finally, we provide evidence that the five subunits are membrane bound, consistent with their potential role in membrane anchoring, and we demonstrate that a DY motif in one of them, SDH10, is essential for complex formation and function. Our study confirms the divergent composition of Toxoplasma SDH compared to human, and starts exploring the role of the lineage-specific subunits in SDH function, paving the way for future mechanistic studies